Copper and iron interactions with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. A study by fast-atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometry

Fast atom bombardment, combined with high-energy collision-induced tandem mass spectrometry, has been used to investigate gas-phase metal-ion interactions with captopril, enalaprilat and lisinopril, all angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.Suggestions for the location of metal-binding sites are presented. For captopril, metal binding occurs most likely at both the sulphur and the nitrogen atom. For enalaprilat and lisinopril, binding preferably occurs at the amine nitrogen. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Nitric oxide production is reduced in patients with chronic renal failure

In patients with chronic renal failure (CRF), atherosclerosis is a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Generally, atherosclerosis has been associated with a reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO). Experimental studies have indicated the presence of enhanced NO degradation by reactive oxygen species as well as decreased NO production as possible causes for this reduced NO bioavailability. So far, the question whether or not NO production is impaired in patients with CRF has never been investigated. Therefore, we measured whole body NO production in 7 patients with CRF, and in 7 matched healthy subjects. To assess the relative importance of a dysfunction of NO synthase (NOS), we compared the NO production of these patients to that of 2 other groups known to have endothelial dysfunction, ie, 7 patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) who did not yet have signs of clinical cardiovascular disease (all nonsmokers), and 5 cigarette smokers. These groups were also compared with 7 nonsmoking, age-matched healthy subjects. Whole body NO production, determined as in vivo arginine-to-citrulline conversion, was assessed by giving an intravenous infusion of [15N2]-arginine as a substrate for NOS and measuring isotopic plasma enrichment of [15N]-citrulline by LC-MS. NO production in the CRF patients (0.13+/-0.02 micromol. kg-1. h-1) was significantly lower (P<0.05) than in the corresponding control group (0.23+/-0.09 micromol. kg-1. h-1). NO production also tended to be lower in the FH patients (0.16+/-0.04 micromol. kg-1. h-1), but the difference with the corresponding control group did not reach significance (0.22+/-0.06 micromol. kg-1. h-1). In the group of smokers, NO production was similar to that in nonsmokers (0. 22+/-0.09 micromol. kg-1. h-1). In conclusion, it is demonstrated for the first time that basal whole body NO production is reduced in patients with CRF. This finding implies that therapeutic interventions to endothelial dysfunction in these patients should be primarily directed toward improvement of NO production. The finding of only a tendency toward reduction of NO production in patients with FH and the absence of a reduction in cigarette smokers suggests that other mechanisms such as enhanced NO degradation may be involved in the decrease of NO bioavailability in these groups.

Cisplatin complexes with phosphatidylserine in membranes

Upon incubation of the anticancer drug cisplatin [cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)] with model membranes composed of phosphatidylserine (PS), a stable product is formed that has been isolated after chloroform/methanol extraction of the sample. The product formation is specific for PS and does not occur with other major membrane phospholipids. The rate and extent of product formation is dependent on the pH, chloride ion concentration, and temperature, with the highest rate at pH 6.0, in the absence of Cl- and at 37 degrees C, indicating that positively charged aquated cisplatin is the reactive species. Over 80% of PS is converted within 15 h under these conditions with a halftime of 5 h. PS can be regenerated by an excess of glutathione. Mass spectrometry experiments demonstrate that interaction of cisplatin with PS involves a loss of two chloride ions and coordination of platinum to the amine and carboxyl group of the serine moiety. Cisplatin forms complexes specifically with PS not only in model membranes but also in the plasma membrane of human erythrocytes. Since PS is essential in several cellular processes, its interaction with cisplatin may have important physiological implications.

Lipoxygenase is irreversibly inactivated by the hydroperoxides formed from the enynoic analogues of linoleic acid

Triple bond analogues of natural fatty acids irreversibly inactivate lipoxygenase during their enzymatic conversion [Nieuwenhuizen, W. F., et al. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 10538-10545]. To gain insight into the mechanism of the irreversible inactivation of soybean lipoxygenase-1, we studied the enzymatic conversion of two linoleic acid analogues, 9(Z)-octadec-9-en-12-ynoic acid (9-ODEYA) and 12(Z)-octadec-12-en-9-ynoic acid (12-ODEYA). During the inactivation process, Fe(III)-lipoxygenase converts 9-ODEYA into three products, i.e. 11-oxooctadec-9-en-12-ynoic acid, racemic 9-hydroxy-10(E)-octadec-10-en-12-ynoic acid, and racemic 9-hydroperoxy-10(E)-octadec-10-en-12-ynoic acid. Fe(II)-lipoxygenase does not convert the inhibitor and is not inactivated by 9-ODEYA. Fe(III)-lipoxygenase converts 12-ODEYA into 13-hydroperoxy-11(Z)-octadec-11-en-9-ynoic acid (34/66 R/S), 13-hydroperoxy11(E)-octadec-11-en-9-ynoic acid (36/64 R/S), 11-hydroperoxyoctadec-12-en-9-ynoic acid (11-HP-12-ODEYA, enantiomeric composition of 33/67), and 11-oxooctadec-12-en-9-ynoic acid (11-oxo-12-ODEYA) during the inactivation process. Also, Fe(II)-lipoxygenase is inactivated by 12-ODEYA. It converts the inhibitor into the same products as Fe(III)-lipoxygenase does, but two additional products are formed, viz. 13-oxo-11(E)-octadec-11-en-9-ynoic acid and 13-oxo-11(Z)-octadec-11-en-9-ynoic acid. The purified reaction products were tested for their lipoxygenase inhibitory activities. The oxo compounds, formed in the reaction of 9-ODEYA and 12-ODEYA, do not inhibit Fe(II)- or Fe(III)-lipoxygenase. The 9- and 13-hydroperoxide products that are formed from 9-ODEYA and 12-ODEYA, respectively, oxidize Fe(II)-lipoxygenase to its Fe(III) state and are weak lipoxygenase inhibitors. 11-HP-12-ODEYA is, however, the most powerful inhibitor and is able to oxidize Fe(II)-lipoxygenase to Fe(III)-lipoxygenase. 11-HP-12-ODEYA is converted into 11-oxo-12-ODEYA by Fe(III)-lipoxygenase. We propose a mechanism for the latter reaction in which Fe(III)-lipoxygenase abstracts the bisallylic hydrogen H-11 from 11-HP-12-ODEYA, yielding a hydroperoxyl radical which is subsequently cleaved into 11-oxo-ODEYA and a hydroxyl radical which may inactivate the enzyme.

Preparation of site-specific isotopically labelled zervamicins, the antibiotic peptaibols produced by Emericellopsis salmosynnemata

A simple procedure for the preparation of the specifically labelled peptide antibiotic zervamicins IC, IIA and IIB has been developed. The zervamicin molecules are labelled with stable isotopes by culturing the Emericellopsis salmosynnemata on a well-defined synthetic medium containing the highly isotopically enriched amino acid. To obtain the peptide with the specifically and highly enriched amino acid residue, precautions have been taken to prevent any de novo biosynthesis of the particular amino acid from unlabelled precursors. The enrichment of the labelled peptide is determined by mass spectrometric analysis. Following this method we have incorporated [2',4',5',6',7'-2H5]-L-Trp-1, [1'-15N]-L-Trp-1 and [2',3',4',5',6'-2H5]-L-Phl-16 into zervamicins IC, IIA and IIB on the preparative scale and without scrambling of the label. Thus, using the procedures described, isotopically labelled zervamicins can be prepared, allowing them to be studied by solid-state NMR.

Cardenolide and Neutral Lipid Biosynthesis from Malonate in Digitalis lanata

DIGITALIS LANATA plants were grown on water culture in a controlled environment and in the young, growing leaves free sterols (0.335 micromol/g FW), triacylglycerols (0.97 micromol/g FW) and cardenolides (1.82 micromol/g FW) were the major apolar and polar lipids. The cardenolide-containing fraction from these tissues was separated into 26 cardenolides by HPLC. The 5 major components (accounting for 60 % of the occurring glycosides) lanatosides A and C, acetyldigoxin, acetyldigitoxin, and glucoevatromonoside were identified by FABMS. Incorporation experiments with [2- (14)C]-acetate, [2- (14)C]-malonate, [2- (14)C]-mevalonate, and [U- (14)C]-sucrose (absorbed by excised, young, growing leaves) showed the labelling of all the occurring cardenolides after a 3 day incorporation period (as judged by HPLC). Comparing the simultaneous synthesis of labelled sterols and triacylglycerols, malonate could be considered as the most effective precursor in cardenolide synthesis, reaching an incorporation value of 4.1 % in a 4 day incorporation period. A time-course experiment revealed a temporary accumulation of (14)C in glucoevatromonoside, which may play a role as an intermediate in cardenolide production of DIGITALIS LANATA.

Cardenolide and Neutral Lipid Biosynthesis from Malonate in Digitalis lanata

DIGITALIS LANATA plants were grown on water culture in a controlled environment and in the young, growing leaves free sterols (0.335 micromol/g FW), triacylglycerols (0.97 micromol/g FW) and cardenolides (1.82 micromol/g FW) were the major apolar and polar lipids. The cardenolide-containing fraction from these tissues was separated into 26 cardenolides by HPLC. The 5 major components (accounting for 60 % of the occurring glycosides) lanatosides A and C, acetyldigoxin, acetyldigitoxin, and glucoevatromonoside were identified by FABMS. Incorporation experiments with [2- (14)C]-acetate, [2- (14)C]-malonate, [2- (14)C]-mevalonate, and [U- (14)C]-sucrose (absorbed by excised, young, growing leaves) showed the labelling of all the occurring cardenolides after a 3 day incorporation period (as judged by HPLC). Comparing the simultaneous synthesis of labelled sterols and triacylglycerols, malonate could be considered as the most effective precursor in cardenolide synthesis, reaching an incorporation value of 4.1 % in a 4 day incorporation period. A time-course experiment revealed a temporary accumulation of (14)C in glucoevatromonoside, which may play a role as an intermediate in cardenolide production of DIGITALIS LANATA.