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Smith KT. Probing the intergalactic magnetic field. Science 2016; 354:1245-1247. [DOI: 10.1126/science.354.6317.1245-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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2
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Smith KT. A massive galaxy forming from molecular gas. Science 2016; 354:1114. [DOI: 10.1126/science.354.6316.1114-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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3
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Smith KT. Stellar bars knock holes in galaxy discs. Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.354.6311.430-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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4
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Smith KT. On the origin of Orientale basin. Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.354.6311.429-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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5
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Smith KT. Is the Local Group useful for cosmology? Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.353.6300.661-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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6
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Smith KT. Spying a planet in a triple-star system. Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.353.6300.660-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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7
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Smith KT. Shining brightly in the early universe. Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.352.6293.1530-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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8
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Smith KT. Can a red dwarf host a habitable planet? Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.352.6293.1531-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Smith KT. Cosmic rays from a nearby supernova. Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.352.6286.668-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Smith KT. Cassini detects interstellar dust grains. Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.352.6283.304-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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Smith KT. Making ribose in interstellar ices. Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.352.6282.183-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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14
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Smith KT. Discovery of an oxygen white dwarf. Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.352.6281.48-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Smith KT. Simulating turbulent solar magnetic fields. Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.351.6280.1411-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Smith KT. New Horizons unveils the Pluto system. Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.351.6279.1276-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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18
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Smith KT. Red giants can get dusty with age. Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.351.6276.930-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Smith KT. Babylonian astronomers tracked Jupiter. Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.351.6272.461-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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20
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Smith KT. Identifying live radio scattering events. Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.351.6271.350-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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21
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Smith KT. Bright spots on Ceres may contain water. Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.351.6270.237-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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22
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Smith KT. The Moon's time-variable exosphere. Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.351.6270.236-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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23
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Smith KT. The most luminous supernova to date. Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.351.6270.236-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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24
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Smith KT. Water isomers hide their origin. Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.351.6268.37-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Smith KT. Transient radio jet from a black hole. Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.351.6268.37-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Smith KT. Magnetic fields near the event horizon. Science 2015. [DOI: 10.1126/science.350.6265.1217-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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28
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Smith KT. Electron acceleration in solar flares. Science 2015. [DOI: 10.1126/science.350.6265.1217-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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29
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Smith KT. Searching for the Sun's magnetic poles. Science 2015. [DOI: 10.1126/science.350.6263.924-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Smith KT. Stellar oscillations as magnetic probes. Science 2015. [DOI: 10.1126/science.350.6259.394-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Smith KT. Diffuse interstellar bands in the lab. Science 2015. [DOI: 10.1126/science.349.6252.1067-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Abstract
At the present time, largely because of a breakthrough in radiology called computed tomography, the attenuation of x-ray beams is measured in extremely sensitive quantitative ways, and the information from many x-ray sources is assembled and analyzed on a computer. In this situation mathematics can make significant contributions concerning the nature of the information conveyed by x-rays from many sources, the extent to which this information determines the object x-rayed, suitable configurations of sources, methods for using the data to build a detailed reconstruction of the object, etc. This article announces results on these topics for the divergent x-ray beam. The three-dimensionally divergent beam, or cone beam, presents new problems that do not appear in the two-dimensional, or fan beam, case.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Smith
- Mathematics Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Torelli
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Wood Science and Technology, University of Ljubljana, p.p. 95, Rozna dolina, Cesta VIII/34, 1111 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - W. C. Shortle
- North‐eastern Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, PO Box 640, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA (for correspondence)
| | - K. Cufar
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Wood Science and Technology, University of Ljubljana, p.p. 95, Rozna dolina, Cesta VIII/34, 1111 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - F. Ferlin
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna Pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - K. T. Smith
- North‐eastern Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, PO Box 640, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA (for correspondence)
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Abstract
Rodent cells are used widely to manufacture recombinant proteins for pharmaceutical use in humans and animals. However, all rodent cell lines express endogenous retroviruses that require appropriate testing regimes for identification and characterisation. In this communication we report the results of transmission electron microscopy, reverse transcriptase assay and infectious virus assays for retrovirus in 185 manufacturer cell banks of mouse, rat or hamster origin. The results indicated considerable variability of retroviral expression levels by transmission electron microscopy and reverse transcriptase assay, but nevertheless characteristic features of each cell type were observed. Infectious retrovirus was detected in mouse myeloma and hybridoma cell lines, but not in cell lines of hamster or rat origin. There was no evidence of contamination of cell banks with exogenous retrovirus. The results of retroviral characterisation of the parental mouse cell lines NS0, NS-1 and Sp2/0Ag14 by the above assays were consistent with the results of the survey. Co-cultivation of the above parental mouse cell lines with mouse and human cell lines suggested that the ability to infect human cells was related to threshold susceptibility of cell types and the levels of expression of infectious xenotropic retrovirus by mouse cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Shepherd
- Q-One Biotech Ltd, Todd Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Glasgow, G20 0XA, UK
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Brown JR, McAuliffe DD, Smith KT, Beavers GM, Presley SM. A constant flow valve for hand-compression hydraulic sprayers. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2003; 19:91-93. [PMID: 12674545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A commercial inline constant flow valve for hand-compression hydraulic sprayers was tested to evaluate its capability to maintain constant pressure to the nozzle down to a preset cut-out pressure. The flow-control valve provided consistent flow rates when used with the H.D. Hudson X-Pert 9.5-liter hand-compression sprayers. This flow valve may have potential for use in vector control operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Brown
- Navy Disease Vector Ecology and Control Center, PO Box 43, Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, FL 32212-0043, USA
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Reid GG, Milne EW, Coggins LW, Wilson NJ, Smith KT, Shepherd AJ. Comparison of electron microscopic techniques for enumeration of endogenous retrovirus in mouse and Chinese hamster cell lines used for production of biologics. J Virol Methods 2003; 108:91-6. [PMID: 12565158 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(02)00263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Murine myeloma and Chinese hamster ovary cells are used widely in the manufacture of recombinant proteins for biopharmaceuticals. However, rodent cell lines express endogenous retrovirus, which necessitates appropriate design of purification processes to remove virus in excess of the calculated maximum retroviral load. Currently, electron microscopy is the method of choice for determination of retroviral titre in bulk harvest. In this study we compared three electron microscopy techniques to determine retroviral titre in bulk harvest. These were direct negative stain, negative stain after sucrose-density purification and thin section electron microscopy of pelleted supernatant. The study demonstrated that the level of C-type retrovirus associated with cells was predictive of the viral load in cell culture supernatants. The most accurate method for quantifying viral load was direct counting, followed by thin section of pelleted supernatant and negative stain after sucrose concentration. The most practical method was thin section of resuspended pelleted supernatant, which gave improved detection limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Reid
- Q-One Biotech Ltd, Todd Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, G20 0XA, Glasgow, UK
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Smith KT. A look at legislation with an impact on renal nursing. Nephrol News Issues 2001; 15:49-50. [PMID: 12099238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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40
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Galbraith DN, Kelly HT, Dyke A, Reid G, Haworth C, Beekman J, Shepherd A, Smith KT. Design and validation of immunological tests for the detection of Porcine endogenous retrovirus in biological materials. J Virol Methods 2000; 90:115-24. [PMID: 11064112 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(00)00200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study details the design and demonstrates function for a series of reagents and methods to allow the detection of exposure to antigens specific for Porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV). The detection of PERV is carried out by the means of a variety of immunological screening methods including, indirect immunofluorescence, Western blotting and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies in serum specific for PERV gag and env antigens. Alternatively, PERV-specific antisera for gag and env can be used to detect viral antigen in serum or other samples. PERV env peptides with potential specificity for the known PERV types are also described. Antisera against the peptides can be used to detect PERV antigens directly or to characterise viral type. Using electron microscopy coupled with labelled PERV-gag-specific antisera it was possible to visualise PERV virions.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/analysis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antigens, Viral/analysis
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- Endogenous Retroviruses/genetics
- Endogenous Retroviruses/isolation & purification
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Gene Products, env/chemistry
- Gene Products, gag/chemistry
- Humans
- Immune Sera/biosynthesis
- Immunologic Tests/methods
- Microscopy, Immunoelectron
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Sequence Alignment
- Serologic Tests
- Swine
- Viral Proteins/analysis
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Virology/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Galbraith
- Q-One Biotech Ltd, West of Scotland Science Park, G20 0XA, Glasgow, UK
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Lovatt A, Black J, Galbraith D, Doherty I, Moran MW, Shepherd AJ, Griffen A, Bailey A, Wilson N, Smith KT. High throughput detection of retrovirus-associated reverse transcriptase using an improved fluorescent product enhanced reverse transcriptase assay and its comparison to conventional detection methods. J Virol Methods 1999; 82:185-200. [PMID: 10894635 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(99)00111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The development and application of a novel, sensitive TaqMan fluorescent probe-based product enhanced RT test (F-PERT) for the detection of retrovirus are described. The assay allows discrimination between the amplification signals generated by genuine positive signals that result from retroviral RT activity and the RT-like activity from DNA polymerases. The RT-like activity from DNA polymerases was suppressed by the addition of activated calf-thymus DNA with no reduction in the RT activity. A linear relationship between threshold cycle (C(T)) and the number of virus particles was demonstrated, allowing quantification of retroviruses in unknown samples. The F-PERT assay was able to detect a wide range of retroviral RT activities, including that from porcine endogenous retrovirus (PoERV), murine leukaemia virus (MLV), simian foamy virus (SFV), simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac) and squirrel monkey retrovirus (SMRV). The detection limit of SMRV, MLV and PoERV was approximately 100 virion particles and the test was able to detect at least 10(2) molecules of purified RT enzyme. RT activity was not detected in cellular lysates and supernatants from MRC-5, BT, VERO, or Raji cells, whereas RT activity was detected in C1271, Mus dunni, K-Balb, BHK-21, CHO-K1, SP2/0-Ag14 and NSO cell supernatants. RT activity was also detected in the Spodoptera cell line Sf9.
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Smith KT. 1997 Balanced Budget Act advances NP independence. ONS News 1998; 13:16. [PMID: 10076406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Smith KT. Action alert: nursing bills need attention in house and senate. ONS News 1998; 13:8. [PMID: 10569051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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Smith KT. Medicare hospice program puts a federal focus on caring for people at the end of life. ONS News 1998; 13:9. [PMID: 10569034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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Smith KT. Action picks up on clinical trials legislation. ONS News 1998; 13:9. [PMID: 10569047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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Smith KT. The time for tobacco legislation is now! ONS News 1998; 13:17. [PMID: 10569045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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Smith KT. Vice President Gore announces historic initiative in the battle against cancer. ONS News 1998; 13:9. [PMID: 9582809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Smith KT. Immediate call to action: proposed regulation threatens cancer care delivery. ONS News 1998; 13:9-10. [PMID: 9555432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Smith KT. Breast cancer legislation: a review of federal and state initiatives. Imprint 1997; 44:28, 30, 32. [PMID: 9407799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K T Smith
- Legislative Services, Division of Nursing Economic, Washington, DC, USA
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Smith KT. Balanced Budget Act of 1997 becomes a reality: brings major changes to health care. Nurs Econ 1997; 15:271-4. [PMID: 9362873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K T Smith
- Nursing Economics, Washington, DC, USA
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