The daily updated Dutch national database on COVID-19 epidemiology, vaccination and sewage surveillance

The Dutch national open database on COVID-19 has been incrementally expanded since its start on 30 April 2020 and now includes datasets on symptoms, tests performed, individual-level positive cases and deaths, cases and deaths among vulnerable populations, settings of transmission, hospital and ICU admissions, SARS-CoV-2 variants, viral loads in sewage, vaccinations and the effective reproduction number. This data is collected by municipal health services, laboratories, hospitals, sewage treatment plants, vaccination providers and citizens and is cleaned, analysed and published, mostly daily, by the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) in the Netherlands, using automated scripts. Because these datasets cover the key aspects of the pandemic and are available at detailed geographical level, they are essential to gain a thorough understanding of the past and current COVID-19 epidemiology in the Netherlands. Future purposes of these datasets include country-level comparative analysis on the effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions against COVID-19 in different contexts, such as different cultural values or levels of socio-economic disparity, and studies on COVID-19 and weather factors.

Regional importation and asymmetric within-country spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in the Netherlands

Background:

Variants of concern (VOCs) of SARS-CoV-2 have caused resurging waves of infections worldwide. In the Netherlands, the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta VOCs circulated widely between September 2020 and August 2021. We sought to elucidate how various control measures, including targeted flight restrictions, had impacted the introduction and spread of these VOCs in the Netherlands.

Methods:

We performed phylogenetic analyses on 39,844 SARS-CoV-2 genomes collected under the Dutch national surveillance program.

Results:

We found that all four VOCs were introduced before targeted flight restrictions were imposed on countries where the VOCs first emerged. Importantly, foreign introductions, predominantly from other European countries, continued during these restrictions. After their respective introductions into the Netherlands, the Alpha and Delta VOCs largely circulated within more populous regions of the country with international connections before asymmetric bidirectional transmissions occurred with the rest of the country and the VOC became the dominant circulating lineage.

Conclusions:

Our findings show that flight restrictions had limited effectiveness in deterring VOC introductions due to the strength of regional land travel importation risks. As countries consider scaling down SARS-CoV-2 surveillance efforts in the post-crisis phase of the pandemic, our results highlight that robust surveillance in regions of early spread is important for providing timely information for variant detection and outbreak control.

Funding:

None.

Regional importation and asymmetric within-country spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in the Netherlands.. [PMID: 35350194 PMCID: PMC8963694 DOI: 10.1101/2022.03.21.22272611]

Variants of concern (VOCs) of SARS-CoV-2 have caused resurging waves of infections worldwide. In the Netherlands, Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta variants circulated widely between September 2020 and August 2021. To understand how various control measures had impacted the spread of these VOCs, we analyzed 39,844 SARS-CoV-2 genomes collected under the Dutch national surveillance program. We found that all four VOCs were introduced before targeted flight restrictions were imposed on countries where the VOCs first emerged. Importantly, foreign introductions, predominantly from other European countries, continued during these restrictions. Our findings show that flight restrictions had limited effectiveness in deterring VOC introductions due to the strength of regional land travel importation risks. We also found that the Alpha and Delta variants largely circulated more populous regions with international connections after their respective introduction before asymmetric bidirectional transmissions occurred with the rest of the country and the variant dominated infections in the Netherlands. As countries consider scaling down SARS-CoV-2 surveillance efforts in the post-crisis phase of the pandemic, our results highlight that robust surveillance in regions of early spread is important for providing timely information for variant detection and outbreak control.

Mentally ill Patients Who Committed Sexual and Physical Assaults: A Study About 37 Cases of Expertise Reports

Introduction

Several studies suggest the existence of a relationship between major mental disorders and crime. However, it is important to emphasize that violent behaviors do not affect all patients and that issues of criminality among mentally ill persons only represents a small proportion.

Aims

The objective of this study is to establish the general and clinical profile of perpetrators of sexual and physical assaults.

Methods

This is a retrospective study of the records of forensic psychiatric expertise, conducted in the psychiatry department of the University Hospital of Mahdia during the period from May 1st 2000 to May 31st 2013.

Results

The general profile of the population the study was characterized by a mean age of 39 years, a sex ratio of 8.25, unemployment in 73% of cases and by the presence of a psychiatric personal history 54% of cases. Sexual and physical assaults accounted for 54.5% of cases. It was essentially in descending order: assault and battery (65%), rape (16.2%) and incest (5.4%). As for the clinical profile, schizophrenia and epilepsy were recorded each in 13.5% of cases, major depressive disorder in 8.1% of cases, bipolar disorder in 5.4% and substance abuse in 5.4% of cases. A personality disorder was observed in 48.6% cases, essentially antisocial personality (55%). Comorbidity with addictive behavior was observed in 56.7% of cases.

Conclusion

It is necessary to characterize a subgroup of patients with mental disorders, likely to commit violent crimes, in order to prevent acting out behaviors and adapt their management.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Clinical predictors of clozapine response

Introduction

Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and disabling mental disorder. An evaluation of clinical predictors to clozapine was described.

Object

Identify clinical predicting factors to clozapine.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional study including patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder according to the DSM 5 criteria and treated with clozapine.

Results

Of the 33 patients, 78.8% were males and 69.7% of them were single. The mean age was 36 years old. The mean age at the onset of the disorder was 24 years old. The mean number of hospitalizations was 6. The beginning of the mental disorder was acute in 21.2% of the cases. The mean duration of the disease course before starting clozapine treatment was 11 years. The mean duration of treatment was 19 months. The diagnosis according to DSM 5 criteria was schizophrenia in 87.9 and schizoaffective disorder in 12.1% of cases. The outcome was assessed by PANSS and BPRS scales with a symptomatic remission in 63.63% of cases. The analytical study revealed a significant correlation between favorable evolution and the latest onset of the disorder (P = 0.04), the number of previous hospitalizations (P = 0.009), disorder's duration (P = 0.032), male sex (P = 0.0004) and secondary resistance (P < 10−3).

Conclusion

The evaluation of clinical factors is important in our practice in order to improve the response to clozapine. Otherwise, adherence to treatment and quality of insight are determining factors of the treatment response.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Misuse of trihexyphenidyl: Factors associated to the prescription

Introduction

Trihexyphenidyl (THP) is an anti-Parkison and anticholinergic drug. It is essentially prescribed by psychiatrists in order to treat abnormal movements and Parkinsonism induced by antipsychotics. However, in unusual practice, the THP is widely used by patients.

Aims

To assess different factors associated to the prescription of trihexyphenidyl in patients treated with neuroleptics.

Methods

A cross-sectional, descriptive, comparative and analytical study among 153 patients followed in outpatients clinics and treated by antipsychotics.

Results

During a six-month period, 153 patients were interested by the study. In total, 79.73% of them were receiving a treatment by THP. Mean age was 47.79 years old. Almost patients were married (44.1%), having a primary level education (46.7%) and jobless (66.7%). Mean factors associated to THP prescription were: hospitalization in a psychiatry unit (P = 0.025), good evolution of mental disorder during hospitalization (P = 0.008), regular follow-up (P = 0.005), episodic evolution and existence of residual symptoms (P = 0.001), personality disorder (P = 0.025) and somatic comorbidities (P = 0.001). Prescription was crucial in order to indicate necessity of THP. Doses of neuroleptics were a determinant factor (P = 0.0001). Forty-one percent of patients were receiving more than one treatment (P = 0.0001). In most cases, prescription consists of classic antipsychotics (67.60%).

Conclusion

Prescription of THP should be argued, considering different factors associated to the prescription, in order to prevent misuse of the drug.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Acute Psychotic Disorder and Forensic Acts: About 25 Cases

Background

The aim of this study was to identify the socio-demographic status and clinical features of patients with acute psychotic disorder and who committed a medicolegal act, seek acute psychosis implicated and raise the characteristics of this medicolegal acts.

Methods

We performed a retrospective study of 25 male patients with acute psychotic disorder. They were involuntary hospitalized in the medicolegal department of Razi, according to Article 29 of Law after committing a medicolegal act because of dementia within the meaning of article 38 of the Tunisian Penal Code.

Results

It was about a young person, average age of 27.32 years, family cohesion was often present (80%), with forensic history (20%), violence history (20%) and substance abuse (40%), having a personality disorder (25%), having a precipitating factor (32%), having an acute psychotic episode (72%), repetitive acute psychotic episode (16%), a first manic episode (8%) and drug-related psychotic disorder (4%). They had committed by order of frequency serious physical assault (43.5%), attempted murder, assault and injury followed by attacks against property (40%). The victim was mostly a family member (40%), without determination, under the influence of toxic substances (16%) and motivated by delusions of persecution (51%). The acting out was recognized (68%). The majority was indifferent (92%) and does nothing (68%).

Conclusion

The first-episode psychosis have a high-risk of acting out, early treatment may prevent some medicolegal acts. Preventing of acting out in the psychotic involves the identification of risk factors and an early treatment of mental disease.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Risque de récidive de violence chez le patient schizophrène

Introduction

La violence fait partie intégrante de la psychiatrie, que ce soit à travers des actes auto-agressif ou hétéroagressifs. Évaluer le risque de récidive chez les patients schizophrènes semblerait, alors, primordial.

Objectif

Évaluer le risque de récidive d’un groupe de patients suivis pour schizophrénie.

Méthodologie

C’est une étude transversale réalisée auprès de 51 schizophrènes hospitalisés au service de psychiatrie de Tahar Sfar à Mahdia. Un questionnaire préétabli a permis d’explorer les données générales et cliniques de l’échantillon. Le risque de récidive de violence a été exploré à l’aide d’une échelle actuarielle VRAG.

Résultats

Les caractéristiques générales de l’échantillon étaient : une prédominance masculine (84,3 %), un âge moyen de 37 ans et un statut de célibataire (76,5 %). Dix patients avaient des antécédents judiciaires et 6 ont été examinés dans le cadre d’une expertise pénale. Environ 80,4 % des patients ont été hospitalisés selon le mode d’office. Le diagnostic de schizophrénie indifférenciée (35,3 %) était le plus fréquent, suivi de la forme paranoïde (25,5 %) et désorganisée (21,6 %). Une personnalité antisociale a été retenue chez seulement 2 patients. L’âge moyen au début des troubles était de 26 ans. Le score moyen à l’échelle VRAG était de –4,96 ± 6,83 attestant d’un risque faible de récidive. L’étude analytique a retrouvé des liens significatifs entre un score VRAG plus élevé et : le sexe masculin (p = 0,042) ; l’âge jeune (p = 0,002) ; le célibat (p = 0,006) et l’âge précoce au début des troubles (p = 0,021).

Conclusion

L’évaluation de la dangerosité implique un regard longitudinal et qualitatif sur le risque de violence. Identifier les facteurs de risque de violence est nécessaire pour prévenir les récidives.

Rheumatoid arthritis-induced pseudotumoral AA amyloidosis of the bladder with vesico-peritoneal fistula

Rheumatoid arthritis-induced AA amyloidosis of the bladder is rare, with fewer than 25 cases reported so far. This localization may be life-threatening with a mortality rate of about 60%, most often due to massive hematuria or multiorgan failure as a result of systemic amyloidosis. We report the case of a 72-year-old woman with a long history of rheumatoid arthritis who developed gross hematuria that induced severe anemia. Ultrasonography and tomodensitometry revealed a large mass localized in the upper part of the bladder. Cystoscopy showed a congestive inflammatory area with a large vesicoperitoneal fistula. Biopsies revealed amyloidosis, and immunohistochemical staining of the specimens defined the process as AA amyloidosis. The amyloid deposits were also found in the rectum, duodenum, uterus and kidneys. This case of rheumatoid arthritis-induced AA amyloidosis of the bladder is characterized by its pseudotumoral aspect and the existence ofa vesico-peritoneal fistula: only 2 cases have been reported so far. Treatment was symptomatic, and the patient died from cachexia. The pseudotumoral forms of AA amyloidosis, including amyloidosis of the bladder, deserve an early correct diagnosis. Otherwise, an incorrect diagnosis, especially cancer, may prompt inappropriate treatments.

Anti-donor DR103 Immunization in a DRB1*0101 kidney allograft recipient

Posttransplant appearance of donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies is correlated with poor graft survival. Herein, we have provided evidence that an HLA-DRB1*0101 kidney allograft recipent developed anti-DR103 antibody after receiving a transplant from a HLA-DRB1*0103 cadaveric donor, resulting in graft loss. HLA-DRB1*0103 is a rare allele in Caucasian populations. It differs from DRB1*0101 only by three amino-acid substitutions and may play a central role in allorecognition. Nevertheless, our data showed that it induced alloimmunization in a DRB1*0101 recipient. Therefore, this new possibility of immunization must be taken into account before transplantation as well as after grafting.

Disruption and phenotypic analysis of seven ORFs from the left arm of chromosome XV of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

We have disrupted seven open reading frames (ORFs) located in the left arm of chromosome XV of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These ORFs, previously discovered by our laboratory during the programme of systematic sequencing of the yeast genome, are YOL152w, YOL151w, YOL149w, YOL130w, YOL128c, YOL125w and YOL124c. In most cases, the short flanking homology (SFH) replacement technique has been used. The mutants were analysed for different phenotypic tests. Disruption of YOL130w (also known as ALR1) produced a lethal phenotype, despite the presence of a highly similar gene in the yeast genome (ALR2/YFL050C). Disruption of YOL149w (also known as DCP1, and encoding an mRNA decapping enzyme) results in lethality in the FY1679 background, although it allows slow growth in the CEN.PK141 background. Disruption of the remaining ORFs did not result in readily detectable phenotypic changes.