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Rasmussen AR, Zandersen M, Nordgaard J, Sandsten KE, Parnas J. Pseudoneurotic symptoms in the schizophrenia spectrum: An empirical study. Schizophr Res 2022; 250:164-171. [PMID: 36423441 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonpsychotic symptoms (depression, anxiety, obsessions etc.) are frequent in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Twentieth century foundational psychopathological literature claimed that certain nonpsychotic symptoms (here termed pseudoneurotic symptoms) are relatively closely linked with the schizophrenia-spectrum, despite descriptive overlap with symptoms of other diagnoses. In this study, we investigated the association of pseudoneurotic and other nonpsychotic symptoms with the schizophrenia-spectrum as well as a hypothesis about an association of pseudoneurotic symptoms with disorder of basic self. METHODS The sample (N = 226) comprised patients with non-affective psychosis (N = 119), schizotypal personality disorder (N = 51) and other mental illness (N = 56), who were examined with a comprehensive assessment of lifetime psychopathology. Informed by the literature, we constructed scales targeting pseudoneurotic symptoms and other, more general, nonpsychotic symptoms. RESULTS Pseudoneurotic symptoms aggregated significantly in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders with an Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.84 (SE 0.03) for classifying patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders versus other mental illness. Patients with non-affective psychosis scored slightly, but significantly, higher on the scale targeting general nonpsychotic symptomatology than the other groups. In multiple regression analysis, pseudoneurotic symptoms were predicted by general nonpsychotic symptoms, disorders of basic self, and negative symptoms but not positive symptoms. CONCLUSION The study supports that certain neurotic-like symptoms with specific descriptive features (pseudoneurotic symptoms) are associated with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. It suggests that pseudoneurotic symptoms are linked with temporally stable schizophrenia psychopathology (disorder of basic self and negative symptoms).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Rosén Rasmussen
- Mental Health Center Amager, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Maja Zandersen
- Mental Health Center Glostrup, Broendbyoestervej, University of Copenhagen, Broendby, Denmark; Center for Subjectivity Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Nordgaard
- Mental Health Center Amager, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karl Erik Sandsten
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Josef Parnas
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Subjectivity Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Sandsten KE, Wainio-Theberge S, Nordgaard J, Kjaer TW, Northoff G, Parnas J. Relating self-disorders to neurocognitive and psychopathological measures in first-episode schizophrenia. Early Interv Psychiatry 2022; 16:1202-1210. [PMID: 35081668 PMCID: PMC9786869 DOI: 10.1111/eip.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The notion of a disturbed self as the core feature of schizophrenia dates back to the founding texts on the illness. Since the development of the psychometric tool for examination of anomalous self-experience (EASE), self-disorders have become accessible to empirical research. Empirical studies have shown that EASE measured self-disorders predict schizophrenia spectrum in prospective studies and consistently show a selective hyper aggregation of self-disorder in schizophrenia and schizotypal disorders. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between self-disorders cognitive deficits and symptoms in schizophrenia. METHODS Thirty-five non-acute first-episode patients with schizophrenia and 35 matched healthy controls were evaluated with EASE, cognitive deficits, and symptoms (PANSS positive, negative and general). [Correction added on 28 January 2022, after first online publication: the words, 'evaluated with' were missing and have now been added to the preceding sentence.] RESULTS: The results show that self-disorders and symptoms are correlated among patients with schizophrenia, but not with cognitive deficits. Moreover, with the exception of attentional deficits, neurocognitive impairment was not significantly higher among patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS We argue that this adds support to a view of schizophrenia as being characterized by specific traits of pre-reflective self-disturbance, which are related to the severity of symptoms, whereas neurocognitive impairment reflects a separate or distinct aspect of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Erik Sandsten
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Julie Nordgaard
- Mental Health Center Amager, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Georg Northoff
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Josef Parnas
- Mental Health Center Glostrup, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Nordgaard J, Berge J, Rasmussen AR, Sandsten KE, Zandersen M, Parnas J. Are Self-disorders in Schizophrenia Expressive of a Unifying Disturbance of Subjectivity: A Factor Analytic Approach. Schizophr Bull 2022; 49:144-150. [PMID: 36073251 PMCID: PMC9809994 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbac123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS The idea that a disorder of the basic self is a central feature in schizophrenia has recently been corroborated in a meta-analysis and a systematic review. Manifestations of the self-disorder can be systematically explored with the Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience (EASE). In this study, we examined the factorial structure of EASE, and diagnostic efficacy of EASE. We hypothesized that EASE will have a monofactorial structure as an instability of the basic self will result in multiple deformations of self-experience which would be meaningfully interrelated as aspects of a unifying Gestalt. DESIGN EASE data for 226 patients suffering from various mental disorders were analyzed under a confirmatory factor analysis framework (CFA). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated for the total EASE sums, and sensitivity and specificity values for prediction of schizophrenia spectrum disorders based on different cut-offs were obtained. RESULTS Fit indices for the CFA model: RMSEA = 0.036, SRMR = 0.100, CFI = 0.983, TLI = 0.981. The AUC value was 0.946 (95% confidence interval: 0.919-0.974). Sensitivity as well as specificity for schizophrenia spectrum disorders were high. CONCLUSION Our results lend support for EASE exhibiting a monofactorial structure and the notion of self-disorders as a central phenotypic feature of schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Nordgaard
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; Mental Health Center Amager, Gl Kongevej 33, 1610 Copenhagen V, Denmark; tel: +45 23996443, e-mail:
| | - Jonas Berge
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas Rosén Rasmussen
- Mental Health Center Amager, Gammel Kongevej 33, 1610 Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karl Erik Sandsten
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maja Zandersen
- Mental Health Center Glostrup, Broendbyoestervej 160, 2605 Broendby, Denmark,Center for Subjectivity Research, University of Copenhagen, Karen Blixens Plads 8, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Josef Parnas
- Mental Health Center Glostrup, Broendbyoestervej 160, 2605 Broendby, Denmark,Center for Subjectivity Research, University of Copenhagen, Karen Blixens Plads 8, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The concept of schizophrenia (SCZ) was originally associated with a disorder of formal strata of the self. During the last two decades, empirical studies have demonstrated a selective hyper-aggregation of self-disorders in the SCZ spectrum. As with other scientific research areas, the role of self-disturbances in SCZ has been up for debate in various disciplines including cognitive sciences, philosophy of mind, and psychopathology. Several philosophical papers have used the psychopathological phenomena of "thought insertion" as an alleged example of a complete loss of minimal selfhood. In the field of psychopathology, it has been claimed that self-disorders may comprise a transdiagnostic phenotype. Common to these approaches is the underlying assumption that self-disorders reflect well-delineated and isolated symptoms akin to the notion of symptom in the medical model. The aim of this paper was to argue that the clinical manifestation of self-disturbances is to be seen as aspects of a Gestalt of disturbed experiential selfhood. METHODS Seven videotaped interviews of patients with SCZ who were emblematic of very diverse symptomatological constellations were selected and jointly watched and discussed by the authors, who reached a consensus assessment. The interviews were semi-structured and narrative in nature in order to obtain faithful self-descriptions according to the standards of phenomenologically oriented interviews. For the purpose of this article, we chose 4 videos from which excerpts were verbatim transcribed and translated from Danish into English. RESULTS The patients describe unique combinations of various psychopathological phenomena such as diminished sense of embodied self-presence, loss of ego boundaries, diminished sense of self, alienation and objectification of the experiential processes, mirror-phenomena, and Schneiderian passivity phenomena. DISCUSSION Through an interweaving of the four vignettes and their subsequent psychopathological discussions, we argue that the invariant commonality across the different symptomatic expressions in these patients resides in a Gestalt of pervasive disturbance of self-experience. From a phenomenological perspective, these self-disturbances target a basic structure of phenomenal consciousness, namely, the first-person givenness of experience. We conclude that self-disorders reflect a trait-instability in the most basic structures of consciousness in SCZ and that its clinical manifestations are to be seen as aspects of a particular Gestalt rather than appearing as separate and well-delineated symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Erik Sandsten
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dan Zahavi
- Department of Communication, Center of Subjectivity Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Josef Parnas
- Department of Communication, Center of Subjectivity Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Nordgaard J, Henriksen MG, Jansson L, Handest P, Møller P, Rasmussen AR, Sandsten KE, Nilsson LS, Zandersen M, Zahavi D, Parnas J. Disordered Selfhood in Schizophrenia and the Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience: Accumulated Evidence and Experience. Psychopathology 2021; 54:275-281. [PMID: 34384082 PMCID: PMC8686724 DOI: 10.1159/000517672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Disordered selfhood in schizophrenia was rediscovered at the turn of the millennium. In 2005, Psychopathology published the psychometric instrument, the Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience (EASE). In this article, we summarize the historical background of the creation of the EASE, explicate the notion of the disorder of basic or minimal self with the help of phenomenological philosophy, and provide a brief description of clinical manifestations targeted by the EASE. We also present our personal experience using and teaching the EASE and summarize the empirical evidence obtained so far. We conclude that the basic self-disorder represents a crucial phenotype of schizophrenia spectrum disorders and that this phenotype offers a potential avenue to empirical pathogenetic research and psychotherapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Nordgaard
- Mental Health Center Amager, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Gram Henriksen
- Mental Health Center Amager, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Mental Health Center Glostrup, Broendby, Denmark
- Department of Communication, Center for Subjectivity Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lennart Jansson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Mental Health Center Glostrup, Broendby, Denmark
| | | | - Paul Møller
- Division of Mental Health and Addicition, Department of Mental Health Research and Development, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway
| | - Andreas Rosen Rasmussen
- Mental Health Center Amager, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Mental Health Center Glostrup, Broendby, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Siersbæk Nilsson
- Mental Health Center Glostrup, Broendby, Denmark
- Department of Communication, Center for Subjectivity Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maja Zandersen
- Mental Health Center Glostrup, Broendby, Denmark
- Department of Communication, Center for Subjectivity Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dan Zahavi
- Department of Communication, Center for Subjectivity Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Josef Parnas
- Department of Communication, Center for Subjectivity Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lansner MW, Jakobsen KK, Jensen JS, Sandsten KE, Grønhøj C, von Buchwald C. Development of depression in patients with oral cavity cancer: a systematic review. Acta Otolaryngol 2020; 140:876-881. [PMID: 32644847 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2020.1778785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of oral cancer is approximately 300,000 patients annually. A cancer diagnosis and treatment affect both physical and mental issues. OBJECTIVES The aim of this systematic review was to examine the development of depression in patients who have been treated for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). MATERIAL AND METHODS PubMed and EMBASE were systematically searched for studies addressing depression among patients treated for OSCC and published within the past ten years. RESULTS We identified three studies comprising 528 patients (range: 75-349), primarily men (66-83%), treated for OSCC from Europe and India. Tumour stage, treatment modality, and scales used to evaluate depressive symptoms varied in the studies. The European studies showed that 28% of the patients experienced depressive symptoms on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and a mean of 8.0 on depression in the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). The Indian study showed a significant increase (p Value < .001) from moderate to severe depressive symptoms on the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21).Conclusion and Significance: This systematic review showed that OSCC patients are at risk of developing depressive symptoms after treatment, though severity of symptoms varied. This knowledge could preferably be implemented in future follow-up regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Westphal Lansner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kathrine Kronberg Jakobsen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Schmidt Jensen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karl Erik Sandsten
- Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
| | - Christian Grønhøj
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian von Buchwald
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Sandsten KE, Parnas J. Altered self-recognition in schizophrenia - A reply to critics. Schizophr Res 2020; 224:173-174. [PMID: 33199170 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Josef Parnas
- Mental Health Center Glostrup, Denmark; Center for Subjectivity Research, Copenhagen University, Denmark
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Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) can be characterized as a basic self-disorder that is featured by abnormal temporal integration on phenomenological (experience) and psychological (information processing) levels. Temporal integration on the neuronal level can be measured by the brain's intrinsic neural timescale using the autocorrelation window (ACW) and power-law exponent (PLE). Our goal was to relate intrinsic neural timescales (ACW, PLE), as a proxy of temporal integration on the neuronal level, to temporal integration related to self-disorder on psychological (Enfacement illusion task in electroencephalography) and phenomenological (Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience [EASE]) levels. SCZ participants exhibited prolonged ACW and higher PLE during the self-referential task (Enfacement illusion), but not during the non-self-referential task (auditory oddball). The degree of ACW/PLE change during task relative to rest was significantly reduced in self-referential task in SCZ. A moderation model showed that low and high ACW/PLE exerted differential impact on the relationship of self-disorder (EASE) and negative symptoms (PANSS). In sum, we demonstrate abnormal prolongation in intrinsic neural timescale during self-reference in SCZ including its relation to basic self-disorder and negative symptoms. Our results point to abnormal relation of self and temporal integration at the core of SCZ constituting a "common currency" of neuronal, psychological, and phenomenological levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Northoff
- Mental Health Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Mental Health Centre/7th Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Tianmu Road 305, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310013, China; Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics, Institute of Mental Health Research, Royal Ottawa Healthcare Group and University of Ottawa, 1145 Carling Avenue, Room 6467, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada; tel: 613-722-6521 ex. 6959, fax: 613-798-2982, e-mail:
| | - Karl Erik Sandsten
- Early Psychosis Intervention Center, Region Zealand Psychiatry, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | | | - Josef Parnas
- Center for Subjectivity Research, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark,Mental Health Center Glostrup, Denmark
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Sandsten KE, Nordgaard J, Kjaer TW, Gallese V, Ardizzi M, Ferroni F, Petersen J, Parnas J. Altered self-recognition in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2020; 218:116-123. [PMID: 32007345 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Self-alienation is a common characterization of various disturbing experiences in patients with schizophrenia. A vivid example comes from patient reports of not recognizing themselves when inspecting their specular image in the mirror. By applying the multisensory paradigm of the Enfacement Illusion, this study empirically addresses the specular Self-Other discrimination in patients with schizophrenia. 35 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and 35 healthy matched controls were enrolled in the study. Results found that the group of patients with schizophrenia had a significant skewed self-other discrimination towards the other at baseline. Furthermore, the effect of visuo-tactile stimulation on self-recognition in the schizophrenia patients was significantly altered after both synchronous and asynchronous stimulation compared to baseline. This contrasted with healthy controls which in line with earlier studies only had significantly different self-recognition after synchronous stimulation. The study thus suggests that patients with schizophrenia have deviations in their specular self-recognition compared to healthy controls. Moreover, that temporal factors in multisensory integration may contribute to alterations of self-related stimuli in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Erik Sandsten
- Early Psychosis Intervention Center, Region Zealand Psychiatry, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | | | | | - Vittorio Gallese
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study, University of London, London, UK
| | - Martina Ardizzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Janne Petersen
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Josef Parnas
- Center for Subjectivity Research, Copenhagen University, Denmark; Mental Health Center Glostrup, Brondby, Denmark
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Parnas J, Sandsten KE, Vestergaard CH, Nordgaard J. Mental illness among relatives of successful academics: implications for psychopathology-creativity research. World Psychiatry 2019; 18:362-363. [PMID: 31496077 PMCID: PMC6732692 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Josef Parnas
- Mental Health Center GlostrupBroendbyDenmark,Center for Subjectivity Research, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | | | - Julie Nordgaard
- Mental Health Center AmagerCopenhagenDenmark,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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Parnas J, Sandsten KE, Vestergaard CH, Nordgaard J. Schizophrenia and Bipolar Illness in the Relatives of University Scientists: An Epidemiological Report on the Creativity-Psychopathology Relationship. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:175. [PMID: 31001153 PMCID: PMC6454109 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A potential link between creativity and mental illness has been a longstanding topic for human studies and empirical research. The major problem is defining creativity and establishing its measurable indicators. A few high-quality epidemiological studies have been undertaken and point to a link between creativity and vulnerability to mental illness. Demonstrating such a shared vulnerability could expand our understanding of mental illnesses and open up new avenues of empirical research. In this epidemiological study, we defined scientists (academics) at the universities as individuals assumed to exhibit "more creativity" than the background population. In a register coupling with a population of 588,532 people, we examined successful university academics' first- and second-degree relatives for diagnosed mental disorders and compared those figures with controls from the background population controlling for educational level. The relatives of the academics had significantly increased risk of suffering from schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. For bipolar disorder, it is perhaps temperamental features and high energy levels that contribute to this association. In the case of schizophrenia, the mediating bridge may involve an amplification of human tendency to question the obvious and "taken-for-granted." Creativity and an increased risk for mental disorders seem to be linked by a shared vulnerability that is not manifested by clinical mental disorders in the academics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Parnas
- Mental Health Center Glostrup, Broendby, Denmark.,Center for Subjectivity Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Sandsten KE, Nordgaard J, Parnas J. [Creativity and psychosis]. Ugeskr Laeger 2018; 180:V02180141. [PMID: 30070626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a brief overview of key historical, conceptual and empirical aspects of the link between creativity and psychosis. The genius and his or her tendency to madness constitute the historical backbone of this link, although ambiguous interpretations and substantial conceptual change characterise this mad genius hypothesis. Some empirical findings show high levels of creativity among first-degree relatives of patients with psychotic illness. For schizophrenia, this could be seen as support of a creative potential in premorbid traits, such as self-disorders and disturbed common sense.
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Baandrup L, Østrup Rasmussen J, Klokker L, Austin S, Bjørnshave T, Fuglsang Bliksted V, Fink-Jensen A, Hedegaard Fohlmann A, Peter Hansen J, Kristine Nielsen M, Sandsten KE, Schultz V, Voss-Knude S, Nordentoft M. Treatment of adult patients with schizophrenia and complex mental health needs - A national clinical guideline. Nord J Psychiatry 2016; 70:231-40. [PMID: 26328910 DOI: 10.3109/08039488.2015.1074285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The Danish Health and Medicines Authority assembled a group of experts to develop a national clinical guideline for patients with schizophrenia and complex mental health needs. Within this context, ten explicit review questions were formulated, covering several identified key issues. METHODS Systematic literature searches were performed stepwise for each review question to identify relevant guidelines, systematic reviews/meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials. The quality of the body of evidence for each review question was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. Clinical recommendations were developed on the basis of the evidence, assessment of the risk-benefit ratio, and perceived patient preferences. RESULTS Based on the identified evidence, a guideline development group (GDG) recommended that the following interventions should be offered routinely: antipsychotic maintenance therapy, family intervention and assertive community treatment. The following interventions should be considered: long-acting injectable antipsychotics, neurocognitive training, social cognitive training, cognitive behavioural therapy for persistent positive and/or negative symptoms, and the combination of cognitive behavioural therapy and motivational interviewing for cannabis and/or central stimulant abuse. SSRI or SNRI add-on treatment for persistent negative symptoms should be used only cautiously. Where no evidence was available, the GDG agreed on a good practice recommendation. CONCLUSIONS The implementation of this guideline in daily clinical practice can facilitate good treatment outcomes within the population of patients with schizophrenia and complex mental health needs. The guideline does not cover all available interventions and should be used in conjunction with other relevant guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lone Baandrup
- a Danish Health and Medicines Authority and Mental Health Centre Glostrup , Denmark
| | | | - Louise Klokker
- c Danish Health and Medicines Authority and the Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital , Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jens Peter Hansen
- i Mental Health Services, Region of Southern Denmark and Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Merete Nordentoft
- l Danish Health and Medicines Authority, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen , Denmark
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Jensen MT, Kaiser C, Sandsten KE, Alber H, Wanitschek M, Iversen A, Jensen JS, Pedersen S, Soerensen R, Rickli H, Zurek M, Fahrni G, Bertel O, De Servi S, Erne P, Pfisterer M, Galatius S. Heart rate at discharge and long-term prognosis following percutaneous coronary intervention in stable and acute coronary syndromes--results from the BASKET PROVE trial. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:3802-6. [PMID: 23849965 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated heart rate (HR) is associated with mortality in a number of heart diseases. We examined the long-term prognostic significance of HR at discharge in a contemporary population of patients with stable angina (SAP), non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE-ACS), and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) revascularized with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS Patients from the BASKET-PROVE trial, an 11-center randomized all-comers trial comparing bare-metal and drug-eluting stenting in large coronary vessels, were included. Discharge HR was determined from a resting ECG. Long-term outcomes (7 days to 2 years) were evaluated for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular death and non-fatal myocardial infarction. RESULTS A total of 2029 patients with sinus rhythm were included, 722 (35.6%) SAP, 647 (31.9%) NSTE-ACS, and 660 (32.5%) STEMI. Elevated discharge HR was associated significantly with all-cause mortality: when compared to a reference of <60 beats per minute (bpm), the adjusted hazard ratios were (95% CI) 4.5 (1.5-13.5, p=0.006) for 60-69 bpm, 3.8 (1.2-11.9, p=0.022) for 70-79 bpm, 4.3 (1.2-15.6, p=0.025) for 80-89 bpm, and 16.9 (5.2-55.0, p<0.001) for >90 bpm. For cardiovascular death/myocardial infarction, a discharge HR >90 bpm was associated with a hazard ratio of 6.2 (2.5-15.5, p<0.001) compared to a HR <60 bpm. No interaction was found for disease presentation, diabetes or betablocker use. CONCLUSION In patients revascularized with PCI for stable angina or acute coronary syndromes an elevated discharge HR was independently associated with poor prognosis. Conversely, a HR <60 bpm at discharge was associated with a good long-term prognosis irrespective of indication for PCI.
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