Effect of type and concentration of antioxidant on sperm motility, viability, and DNA integrity of climbing perch Anabas testudineus Bloch, 1792 (Pisces: Anabantidae) post-cryopreservation

Sperm quality is preserved through the crucial involvement of antioxidants, which play a vital role in minimizing the occurrence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the cryopreservation process. The suitability of the type and concentration of antioxidants are species-dependent, and this study is crucial in order to improve the quality of the climbing perch sperm post-cryopreservation. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the best type and concentration of antioxidants for cryopreservation of climbing perch Anabas testudineus sperm. To achieve this, 6 types of antioxidants, namely, ascorbic acid, beta-carotene, glutathione, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), myo-inositol, and alpha-tocopherol, with inclusion of a control were tested in 3 replications at three concentration levels of 0 mg/L (control), 20 mg/L, 40 mg/L, and 60 mg/L. Sperm was diluted in a glucose-base extender at a ratio of 1:60 (sperm: glucose base), then 10 % DMSO and 5 % egg yolk was added before cryopreservation for two weeks. The results showed that the type and concentration of antioxidants had a significant effect on the motility and viability of cryopreserved climbing perch sperm (P < 0.05), where the best results for ascorbic acid, beta-carotene, glutathione, myo-inositol, and alpha-tocopherol were obtained at a concentration of 60 mg/L, while BHT was at a concentration of 20 mg/L. The best results for glutathione, myo-inositol, and alpha-tocopherol were significantly different from other treatments, while the best results for ascorbic acid and beta-carotene (60 mg/L) were not significantly different from the 40 mg/L concentration, while the best results for BHT were not significantly different from the control treatments. Therefore, the best concentration of glutathione, myo-inositol, and alpha-tocopherol was 60 mg/L, while for ascorbic acid and beta-carotene it was 40 mg/L, and BHT was not recommended. DNA integrity analysis indicated the absence of fragmentation in all samples, including fresh, control, and treated sperm. Based on practical and economic considerations, myo-inositol at 60 mg/L was recommended for cryopreservation of climbing perch A. testudineus sperm.

The effect of Cissus quadrangularis Salisb. extract on maturation of rat mesenchymal stem cells

Degenerative diseases, such as osteoporosis, could be treated by stem cells. The aim of this study was to identify the gene expression of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) derived from Sprague Dawley rats and to assess the effect of Cissus quadrangularis Salisb. extract on their maturation into bone cells. The BM-MSC were divided into three groups: (a) BM-MSCs + osteoblast cell growth basal medium as the positive control; (b) BM-MSCs + Dulbecco's modified eagle's medium (DMEM) + 0.3 mg/mL methanol extract of C. quadrangularis as methanol group; and (c) BM-MSC + DMEM + 0.3 mg/mL ethyl acetate extract of C. quadrangularis as ethyl acetate group. A relative quantification approach using was used to analyze the expression of the alp (alkaline phosphatase) gene, with the beta-actin gene was used to normalize the expression of the alp gene. The intra-assay variation was calculated to validate the RT-qPCR data. Our study found that the intra-assay variation value was acceptable, with most of the coefficients of variability (CV) value <5. Ethyl acetate solvent outperformed methanol solvent in extracting the active compound C. quadrangularis. In the ethyl acetate extract group, the expression of the alp gene increased three times compared to the positive control. In methanol extract group, the expression of alp gene was lower six times compared to positive control. This study suggests that C. quadrangularis extracts using ethyl acetate could induce the maturation of BM-MSCs. However, further studies are warrant to confirm this effect using different indicators.

Motility, viability and fertility of goldfish Carassius auratus (Pisces: Cyprinidae) post short-term cryopreservation

BACKGRUND

Goldfish Carassius auratus is a popular ornamental fish extensively cultured worldwide. Sperm cryopreservation is a common fish breeding method that ensures sperm availability around the year. Studies on cryopreservation of goldfish sperm, especially on the suitability of cryoprotectant types and pre-freezing time, are scarcely available.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the most suitable type of cryoprotectant and pre-freezing for the successful cryopreservation of goldfish sperm.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A completely randomized design with two factors was utilized in this study. The first factor is the type of cryoprotectants, which included methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, and DMSO. The second is pre-freezing times of 10, 20, 30, and 40 min at each of the pre-freezing temperatures of 4 degree C, -10 degree C, and -79 degree C, meaning that the total times for the ramping down of temperature were 30, 60, 90 and 120 min, respectively. The Ringer solution and 10% egg yolk were used as extender and extracellular cryoprotectant. The sperm was stored at -179 degree C for 7 days.

RESULTS

The ANOVA test showed that cryoprotectants and pre-freezing significantly affected the motility, viability, and fertility of goldfish sperm after freezing in liquid nitrogen for 7 days (P<0.05). Furthermore, 10% DMSO combined with 15% egg yolk with an pre-freezing time of 20 min can maintain sperm motility, viability, and fertility higher than other treatments, by 79%, 80%, and 33%, respectively. The agarose gel electrophoresis showed no DNA fragmentation in all samples, including fresh sperm.

CONCLUSION

We conclude that 10% DMSO combined with 15% egg yolk and 20 min pre-freezing is the best treatment for goldfish sperm cryopreservation. DOI: 10.54680/fr23310110412.

Effect of type and concentration of cryoprotectant on the motility, viability, and fertility of climbing perch Anabas testudineus Bloch, 1792 (Pisces: Anabantidae) sperm

The climbing perch, Anabas testudineus is a freshwater fish that has economic value in Indonesia. It is cultured in the country, but the breeding technology, specifically sperm storage, is not well developed. Sperm cryopreservation is one of the preservation methods that need to be developed to support fish breeding technology. The type of cryoprotectants and its concentration are species-dependent and determines the success of this approach. Therefore, this study is aimed at determining the optimal type and concentration of cryoprotectant for sperm cryopreservation of A. testudineus. Four separate study series were performed, each of which evaluated one type of cryoprotectant at five concentration levels. The cryoprotectants used were DMSO, methanol, glycerol, and ethanol, and the tested concentrations were 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, which were combined with 5% egg yolks. Each treatment was conducted with three replications. The results showed that the type of cryoprotectant and its concentration significantly affected sperm motility, viability, and fertility of climbing perch (P < 0.05). The best outcome was obtained in DMSO, and methanol at a concentration of 10%, glycerol at 5%, and ethanol at 15%. However, the highest motility, viability, and fertility values were observed at 10% DMSO, indicating it is the best type and concentration for sperm cryopreservation of climbing perch A. testudineus.

Improvement of sperm quality of the depik fish, rasbora tawarensis, after cryopreservation using antioxidant

BACKGROUND

The cryopreservation of the sperm of the depik fish, Rasbora tawarensis, has previously been developed. However, the quality of the sperm post cryopreservation was not satisfactory and might be improved through the application of antioxidants.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the most suitable antioxidant for the cryopreservation of the depik fish spermatozoa.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A completely randomized design with a non-factorial experiment was used and the tested antioxidants were glutathione, beta-carotene, ascorbic acid, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) at 6 % concentrations. All treatments had three replications. The sperms were collected from 10 male fishes and diluted with Ringer solution in a ratio of 1: 20 (v/v, sperm: Ringer solution). Then 5% DMSO and 5 % egg yolk were added to the diluted sperms. Furthermore, 6 % of the tested antioxidants were added to the diluents, and then, cryopreservation was carried out in liquid nitrogen for 14 days.

RESULTS

The ANOVA test showed that the application of antioxidants significantly affected the sperm motility, fertility, and hatching rates of the eggs (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the antioxidants also protected the sperm cells during cryopreservation, with glutathione being the best antioxidant.

CONCLUSION

The application of antioxidants during the cryopreservation of depik fish sperm had a significant effect on motility, fertility and hatchability of eggs post-cryo. Furthermore, glutathione was the most suitable antioxidant. doi.org/10.54680/fr23110110312.

Improvement of Sperm Quality of the Depik Fish, Rasbora tawarensis, After Cryopreservation Using Antioxidant

BACKGROUND: The cryopreservation of the sperm of the depik fish, Rasbora tawarensis, has previously been developed. However, the quality of the sperm post cryopreservation was not satisfactory and might be improved through the application of antioxidants. OBJECTIVE: To determine the most suitable antioxidant for the cryopreservation of the depik fish spermatozoa. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A completely randomized design with a non-factorial experiment was used and the tested antioxidants were glutathione, β-carotene, ascorbic acid, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) at 6% concentrations. All treatments had three replications. The sperms were collected from 10 male fishes and diluted with Ringer solution in a ratio of 1: 20 (v/v, sperm: Ringer solution). Then 5% DMSO and 5% egg yolk were added to the diluted sperms. Furthermore, 6% of the tested antioxidants were added to the diluents, and then, cryopreservation was carried out in liquid nitrogen for 14 days. RESULTS: The ANOVA test showed that the application of antioxidants significantly affected the sperm motility, fertility, and hatching rates of the eggs (P> 0.05). Furthermore, the antioxidants also protected the sperm cells during cryopreservation, with glutathione being the best antioxidant. CONCLUSION: The application of antioxidants during the cryopreservation of depik fish sperm had a significant effect on motility, fertility and hatchability of eggs post-cryo. Furthermore, glutathione was the most suitable antioxidant.

The Effect of Ciplukan (Physalis minima) Leaf Extract on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Proliferation and Population Doubling Time (PDT) In Vitro

Physalis minimahas been used as herbal medicine because it is believed by the community to cure neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of P.minima extract in increasing the proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from mouse (Musmusculus) bone marrow (BM). BM from the femur and tibia were isolated using a flushing method. BM-MSC primary culture was conducted in mesenPROÒ medium at 37ᵒC in a 5% CO2 incubator until it reached a 70% confluence.BM-MSCs were sub-cultured overnight in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Media (mDMEM). The mDMEM was replaced with a treatment medium on the second day of subculture. The treatment medium was changed every three days and evaluated under an inverted microscope by counting the number of cells at the beginning and the end of the incubation period. The proliferation rate is expressed as PDT, which was statistically analyzed using ANOVA at a significance level of 0.05% and followed-up with Duncan's test. Statistically, P. minima leaf extract could significantly reduce the PDT value. The optimum dose of P. minima leaf extract that can increase the proliferation of BM-MSC was 0.8 mg/ml. It is concluded that P. minima leaf extract was effective as an inducer of BM-MSC proliferation. The data obtained is the preliminary data on the use of P.minimaextracts in stem cell-based therapy. The results of this study provide important information in scientifically proving the potential of P. minima extract on stem cell proliferation.

The differentiation of mesenchymal bone marrow stem cells into nerve cells induced by Chromolaena odorata extracts

Background: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into nerve cells with an induction from chemical compounds in medium culture. Chromolaena odorata contains active compounds, such as alkaloids and flavonoids, that can initiate the transformation of MSCs into nerve cells. The aim of this study was to determine the potential of methanol extracted C. odorata leaf to induce the differentiation of bone marrow MSCs into nerve cells.

Methods: A serial concentration of C. odorata leaf extract (0.7–1.0 mg/mL) with two replications was used. The parameters measured were the number of differentiated MSCs into nerve cells (statistically analyzed using ANOVA) and cell confirmation using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

Results: The results showed that the C. odorata extract had a significant effect on the number MSCs differentiating into nerve cells ( p < 0.05) on the doses of 0.8 mg/ml with 22.6%. Molecular assay with RT-PCR confirmed the presence of the nerve cell gene in all of the samples.

Conclusions: In conclusion, this study showed the potential application of C. odorata leaf extract in stem cell therapy for patients experiencing neurodegeneration by inducing the differentiation of MSCs into nerve cells.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell as a Successful Therapy for COVID-19 Patient: Systematic Review

COVID-19 has been declared a pandemic and continues to spread, leading to health and economic problems and economic burdens worldwide. COVID-19 symptoms are similar to the flu and, in severely infected patients, emerge as an acute respiratory syndrome (ARDS), pulmonary fibrosis, edema, and even organ failure. These are due to an imbalanced immune response with a more severe effect than the virus attack. However, no specific medications and treatments are available in dealing with the COVID-19. Hence, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) treatment is proposed as one therapeutic approach. The MSCs can produce growth factors and immune protective cytokines that could fight viral infection and are proven to help endothelial cell repair. These capabilities are expected to help resist viruses and tissue repair in a patient body. MSC is believed to prevent acute respiratory infections, the most dangerous stage of COVID-19 pathogenesis. In this study, we collect some literature, reviewing and summarizing them so that we believe that MSC could be an approach to cure COVID-19 patients and improve their responses to the virus. This article reviews the use of mesenchymal stem cells as a potential therapy for COVID-19, and this information can also be used as basic information for developing a stem-cell-based therapy, especially for treating COVID-19.

Improvement of sperm quality of the depik fish, rasbora tawarensis, after cryopreservation using antioxidant

BACKGROUND

The cryopreservation of the sperm of the depik fish, Rasbora tawarensis, has previously been developed. However, the quality of the sperm post cryopreservation was not satisfactory and might be improved through the application of antioxidants.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the most suitable antioxidant for the cryopreservation of the depik fish spermatozoa.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A completely randomized design with a non-factorial experiment was used and the tested antioxidants were glutathione, beta-carotene, ascorbic acid, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) at 6 % concentrations. All treatments had three replications. The sperms were collected from 10 male fishes and diluted with Ringer solution in a ratio of 1: 20 (v/v, sperm: Ringer solution). Then 5% DMSO and 5 % egg yolk were added to the diluted sperms. Furthermore, 6 % of the tested antioxidants were added to the diluents, and then, cryopreservation was carried out in liquid nitrogen for 14 days.

RESULTS

The ANOVA test showed that the application of antioxidants significantly affected the sperm motility, fertility, and hatching rates of the eggs (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the antioxidants also protected the sperm cells during cryopreservation, with glutathione being the best antioxidant.

CONCLUSION

The application of antioxidants during the cryopreservation of depik fish sperm had a significant effect on motility, fertility and hatchability of eggs post-cryo. Furthermore, glutathione was the most suitable antioxidant. doi.org/10.54680/fr23110110312.

Antidiabetic Potential of Methanol Extract of Flamboyant (Delonix regia) Flowers

Providing scientific evidences for the medicinal benefits and possible toxic effects of the flamboyant flowers (Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf.) are very important to implementing the medicinal plant in this modern era. This study aimed to investigate antidiabetic potential of methanol extract of flamboyant flowers using a completely random design. Twenty-four male rats were randomly divided into 6 treatment groups with 4 replications: healthy rats (normal control, P1), diabetic rats treated with flamboyant flower extract of 0 (negative control, P2), 100 (P3), 200 (P4), and 400 mg/kg BW (P5), and rats which were induced by 0.45 mg/kg BW of Glibenclamide (positive control, P6). Diabetic condition was achieved by a single injection of alloxan 150 mg/kg BW. Treatments were given once a day for 14 days. On day 0, 3 and 18 blood samples were withdrawn from rats’ orbital vein for glucose measurement. All rats were sacrificed for liver, gastrocnemius muscles and pancreatic tissues collection. The liver and gastrocnemius muscle were subjected for glycogen measurement whereas pancreatic tissues were processed for histological examinations. Data was analyzed by ANOVA and followed by Duncan test. The results showed that flamboyant flowers extracts significantly (p<0.05) reduced blood glucose as well as degeneration and necrosis of pancreatic β cells. Optimal dose to decrease blood glucose and pancreatic cell degeneration was 200 mg/kg BW; whereas optimum dose to decrease pancreatic cell necrosis was 400 mg/kg BW. In conclusion, flamboyant flower extract can reduce blood glucose in rats. This is the first that shows antidiabetic potential of local Flamboyant flower extracts along its toxicity effect to pancreatic tissues. These information could become a basic consideration for the use of the plant extracts as a candidate to cure patients with diabetic problems.

Effect of cryoprotectant on the motility, viability, fertilization, and DNA integrity of naleh fish Barbonymus sp. (Cyprinidae) sperm

Naleh fish Barbonymus sp. is a commercial freshwater fish, which is indigenous to Aceh, Indonesia. The population of this species has declined over the years as a result of habitat perturbations and overfishing. Hence, the crucial need to develop a cryopreservation method to support breeding programs. This involved the use of a cryoprotectant as an important component. The objective of this study, therefore, was to explore the best cryoprotectant for naleh fish spermatozoa, and a total of five types were tested. These include the DMSO, Methanol, Ethanol, Glycerol, and Ethylene Glycol at a similar concentration of 10%, which were individually combined with 15% egg yolk, and every treatment was performed in three replications. Conversely, Ringer’s solution was adopted as an extender, and the sperm was cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen for 15 days. The results showed significant influence on sperm motility and viability, as well as egg fertility of naleh fish (P <0.05), although the DMSO provided the best outcome, compared to others at 47.17%, 50.13%, and 45.67%, respectively. Furthermore, DNA fragmentation had not occurred in the fresh and cryopreserved sperm samples, indicating the protective effect of tested cryoprotectants. It is concluded that the 10% DMSO and 15% egg yolk is the best cryoprotectant for naleh fish spermatozoa.

The Effect of Glutathione on The Quality of Aceh Local Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Spermatozoa After Cryopreservation

The cryopreservation process might reduce the quality of spermatozoa due to an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) compounds during cooling, freezing, and thawing. The quality of spermatozoa can be maintained by adding glutathione as an exogenous antioxidant into cryo-diluent. This study aimed to examine the effect of the addition of different doses of glutathione in cryopreservation of Aceh Local catfish (Clarias gariepinus) spermatozoa after freezing. The method used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and four replications. Fresh semen was diluted in Ringer, 15% DMSO, and 20% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) and then added with glutathione antioxidants of 0.0 mgL-1, 0.5 mgL-1, 1.0 mgL-1, and 2.0 mgL-1. The parameters observed in this study were motility, integrity of the plasma membrane, fertility, and DNA integrity. The results showed that the concentration of glutathione had no effect on motility, integrity ofthe plasma membrane, or fertility, but had an effect on DNA integrity. The highest percentage of motility and plasma membrane integrity respectively was 40.50% (P3) and 70.87% (P2). Furthermore, the assessment of DNA integrity showed that there was no DNA fragmentation both treatments and fresh spermatozoa. This research is the first study regarding glutathione supplementation in cryo-diluent of Aceh Local catfish spermatozoa. Finally, the results obtained can provide information about the exact concentration of glutathione in the extender on the quality of spermatozoa of Aceh Local catfish (C. gariepinus) after the cryopreservation process. These results can also increase the success of fertility be used by the seed hall unit and the aquaculture industry to increase the productivity and supply high quality seeds.

Cryopreservation of Aceh Cattle Semen with Date (Phoenix dactylifera) Extract Supplementation

Cryopreservation process could affect spermatozoa quality during from reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in cellular metabolism and the environment. Spermatozoa damage caused by ROS during cryopreservation can be reduced with the addition of natural antioxidant which commonly found in fruits like date palm. This research was done to investigate the influence of date extract on semen quality after cryopreservation. This experimental study used a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 6 replications. Semen collected from two aceh cattle bulls was diluted in tris egg yolk extender contained different concentrations (v/v) of date extract: 0% (P0, control), 0.75% (P1), 1% (P2), and 1.25% (P3) before cryopreserved at -196 ºC for 7 days. Semen quality prior to and after cryopreservation as well as sperm DNA integrity were determined by standard microscopic and laddering methods, respectively. The results showed that the addition of 1% date extract could maintain viability (68.67%), plasma membrane integrity (62.33%), and abnormality (18.58%) of aceh cattle spermatozoa, but unable to maintain its motility above 40%. There was no DNA fragmentation observed in both treated and fresh semen. This is the first study investigates the influence of supplementation of date palm extract on preserved aceh cattle spermatozoa diluted in egg yolk tris based extender.

Neurogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal-Like Stem Cell Induced by Delonix regia Flowers Extract

Stem cell technology has great potential in the effort to cure degenerative diseases. This study was done to determine optimum dose of flamboyant (Delonix regia) flower extract to induce proliferation and differentiation of mice (Mus musculus) bone marrow mesenchymal-like stem cell. Bone marrow cells were collected from mice by aspiration. Cells suspension (1 x 106) were poured into petri dishes containing 2 ml of modified Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Media (mDMEM) and incubated overnight at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 incubator and microscopically observed. In quadriplicate, MSC were cultured in mDMEM containing D. regia flower extract of 0.0 (control), 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 mg/ml and incubated at 37 °C for 9 days. Population doubling time (PDT) and differentiated cell type were microscopically observed using HE staining on day 1 and 10. Data obtained were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test. The results showed that the addition of D regia flowers extracts 0.8 and 1.0 mg/ml significantly reduced PDT compared to that of 0.4, 0.6 and control. The extract, at 0.4 and 0.6 mg/ml, were able to induce MSC differentiation into fibroblast-like and nerve-like cells. In conclusion, D. regia flower extracts of 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 mg/ml were able to stimulate MSC proliferation, but optimum dose for neurogenic differentiation was 0.6 mg/ml. This is the first to show potential of D. regia flower extract as neurogenic differentiatian inducer on mice MSC. These findings can be used as preliminary information for using the extract as cellular differentian inducer in basic and applicative reseach using stem cells.

Utilization of Oocytes Collected from Preserved Ovarian for In Vitro Production of Cat Embryos

Preservation of ovarian tissue from severely injured or dead valuable animals has the potential to preserve female germ cells of animals. The ability to mature and fertilize of oocytes from preserved ovary of endangered species will allow us to sustain genetic and global biodiversities. The aims of this study were to investigate the viability of oocytes collected from the preserved ovary and its potential utilization for the production of cat embryos followed by in vitro maturation and fertilization. Ovary was preserved immediately in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) at 4 °C for 24 or 48 hours. The quality and viability of oocytes after the maturation process were identified microscopically using aceto-orcein staining. Biological function of the oocytes was evaluated by using in vitro culture technique for the maturation and fertilization rate in CR1aa medium culture. The results showed that the percentage of oocytes collected from preserved ovary for 24 and 48 hours that remained at the stage of metaphase-II were 29.4% and 21.9% respectively. Fertilization rates produced in the IVF using oocytes collected from ovary preserved for 24 or 48 hours were significantly lower (30%) than that of unpreserved control (36.7%). In conclusion, female germ cells of cat ovary preserved at 4 °C in PBS for 2 days were still viable for in vitro fertilization and thus can be utilized for in vitro production of cat embryos. Information obtained can be used as a basis of knowledge of using a combination of physiological reagent and cold-based preservation technique in modern reproductive technology for animals.

Cryopreservation of Aceh Swamp Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Semen with Combination of Glycerol and Lactose

<p class="IsiAbstrakIndo">Aceh swamp buffaloes<span lang="AR-YE" dir="RTL"> </span><em>(Bubalus bubalis) </em>are decreasing their population and genetic quality. This study was conducted to determine the influence of lactose and glycerol cryoprotectants on spermatozoa of Aceh swamp buffaloes<span lang="AR-YE" dir="RTL"> </span><span lang="EN-GB">after</span><span lang="AR-YE" dir="RTL"> </span>thawing<em>.</em><span lang="AR-YE" dir="RTL"> </span><span lang="EN-GB">This study used completely</span>a factorial randomized design with nine treatments, and five replications. Fresh semen of the Aceh swamp buffalo were diluted by using a combination extender lactose cryoprotectants 0 mM (L₀), 60 mM (L₆₀), 120 mM (L₁₂₀) and glycerol 3% (G₃), 5% (G₅), 7% (G₇) with the equilibration of 4 hours. The results showed that the combination of cryoprotectants L₁₂₀G₇influenced significantly (P &lt; 0.05) on the quality of spermatozoa of the Aceh swamp buffalo <em>(B. bubalis)</em><span lang="AR-YE" dir="RTL"> </span><span lang="EN-GB">after</span><span lang="AR-YE" dir="RTL">  </span>thawing<em>.</em><span lang="AR-YE" dir="RTL"> </span><span lang="EN-GB">The percentage of sperm motility L</span>₁₂₀G₇ (42.60 ± 1.14); viability L₁₂₀G₇(55.00 ± 0.71);  acrosome integrity L₁₂₀G₇ (52.00 ± 0.71); and plasma membrane integrity L₁₂₀G₇<span lang="AR-YE" dir="RTL"> (</span>53.20 ± 1.48).  The combination of lactose cryoprotectants 120 mM (L₁₂₀) and glycerol 7% (G₇) was the best combination to maintain the quality of spermatozoa of swamp buffalo. This finding could be used to define a policy for the spermatozoa storage of Aceh swamp buffalo to artificial insemination (AI). </p>

Effect of Temperature Shock on the Triploidization Success Rate of Seurukan Fish (Osteochilus vittatus)

<p>Seurukan fish (<em>Osteochilus vittatus</em>) has many advantages, besides the fish also has disadvantages which are the slow growth, so the temperature shock of triploidization technique was expected to solve the problem.   The objective of the present study was to obtain an effective temperature to increase of triploidization success of <em>seurukan</em> fish (<em>Osteochilus vittatus</em>). The experimental method and completely randomized design model were used in this study. Five levels of temperature shocks at three replicates were tasted: 4℃ (cold), 6℃ (cold), 28℃ (normal), 35℃ (heat) and 37℃ (heat). The sperms and eggs were fertilized in the plastic jar then a total 100 of fertilized eggs (zygotes) were taken randomly 3 minutes after fertilization and soaked in respective temperature for 90 seconds, and then incubated in incubation jars at the water temperature of 28-29℃. The results showed that the temperature shock gave the significant effect on the hatching and the success of triploidization success (P˂0.05), but did not give the significant effect the fertility and survival rates (P&gt;0.05). The triploid fish can be achieved using cold and heat shock, but the higher triploid fish was recorded at 37℃ was the best temperature recommended for triploidization of <em>Seurukan</em> fish.</p>