Role of Clathrin and Dynamin in Clathrin Mediated Endocytosis/Synaptic Vesicle Recycling and Implications in Neurological Diseases

Endocytosis is a process essential to the health and well-being of cell. It is required for the internalisation and sorting of “cargo”—the macromolecules, proteins, receptors and lipids of cell signalling. Clathrin mediated endocytosis (CME) is one of the key processes required for cellular well-being and signalling pathway activation. CME is key role to the recycling of synaptic vesicles [synaptic vesicle recycling (SVR)] in the brain, it is pivotal to signalling across synapses enabling intracellular communication in the sensory and nervous systems. In this review we provide an overview of the general process of CME with a particular focus on two key proteins: clathrin and dynamin that have a central role to play in ensuing successful completion of CME. We examine these two proteins as they are the two endocytotic proteins for which small molecule inhibitors, often of known mechanism of action, have been identified. Inhibition of CME offers the potential to develop therapeutic interventions into conditions involving defects in CME. This review will discuss the roles and the current scope of inhibitors of clathrin and dynamin, providing an insight into how further developments could affect neurological disease treatments.

Synthesis of Phthaladyn-29 and Naphthalimide-10, GTP Site Directed Dynamin GTPase Inhibitors

Herein we describe the detailed synthesis of the dynamin inhibitors Phthaladyn-29 and Napthaladyn-10, and their chemical scaffold matched partner inactive compounds. Combined with the assay data provided, this allows the interrogation of dynamin in vitro and potentially in vivo.

Dynole 34-2 and Acrylo-Dyn 2-30, Novel Dynamin GTPase Chemical Biology Probes

This protocol describes the chemical synthesis of the dynamin inhibitors Dynole 34-2 and Acrylo-Dyn 2-30, and their chemical scaffold matched partner inactive compounds. The chosen active and inactive paired compounds represent potent dynamin inhibitors and very closely related dynamin-inactive compounds, with the synthesis of three of the four compounds readily possible via a common intermediate. Combined with the assay data provided, this allows the interrogation of dynamin in vitro and potentially in vivo.

The crystal structures of 3-O-benzyl-1,2-O-iso-propyl-idene-5-O-methane-sulfonyl-6-O-tri-phenyl-methyl-α-d-gluco-furan-ose and its azide displacement product

The effect of different leaving groups on the substitution versus elimination outcomes with C-5 d-glucose derivatives was investigated. The stereochemical configurations of 3-O-benzyl-1,2-O-iso-propyl-idene-5-O-methane-sulfonyl-6-O-tri-phenyl-methyl-α-d-gluco-furan-ose, C36H38O8S (3) [systematic name: 1-[(3aR,5R,6S,6aR)-6-benz-yloxy-2,2-di-methyl-tetra-hydro-furo[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-2-(trit-yloxy)ethyl methane-sulfonate], a stable inter-mediate, and 5-azido-3-O-benzyl-5-de-oxy-1,2-O-iso-propyl-idene-6-O-tri-phenyl-methyl-β-l-ido-furan-ose, C35H35N3O5 (4) [systematic name: (3aR,5S,6S,6aR)-5-[1-azido-2-(trit-yloxy)eth-yl]-6-benz-yloxy-2,2-di-methyl-tetra-hydro-furo[2,3-d][1,3]dioxole], a substitution product, were examined and the inversion of configuration for the azido group on C-5 in 4 was confirmed. The absolute structures of the mol-ecules in the crystals of both compounds were confirmed by resonant scattering. In the crystal of 3, neighbouring mol-ecules are linked by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains along the b-axis direction. The chains are linked by C-H⋯π inter-actions, forming layers parallel to the ab plane. In the crystal of 4, mol-ecules are also linked by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming this time helices along the a-axis direction. The helices are linked by a number of C-H⋯π inter-actions, forming a supra-molecular framework.