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Watt KD, Heimbach JK, Rizk M, Jaruvongvanich P, Sanchez W, Port J, Venkatesh SK, Bamlet H, Tiedtke K, Malhi H, Acosta Cardenas A, Grothe K, Clark M, Mundi MS, Abu Dayyeh BK. Efficacy and Safety of Endoscopic Balloon Placement for Weight Loss in Patients With Cirrhosis Awaiting Liver Transplantation. Liver Transpl 2021; 27:1239-1247. [PMID: 33866660 DOI: 10.1002/lt.26074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy and safety of a fluid-filled intragastric balloon (IGB) for weight loss in patients with cirrhosis on the liver transplantation (LT) waiting list is unknown. We enrolled stable compensated patients with body mass index >35 kg/m2 and on the waiting list for IGB placement endoscopically for a maximum of 6 months. A total of 8 patients (7 men) aged mean ± SD, 56 ± 4.6 years with Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-sodium (MELD-Na) scores 14.1 ± 3.4 experienced weight reduction (146 ± 22.2 kg versus 127 ± 21.6 kg [P = 0.005] with IGB in place and 130 ± 24.6 kg [P = 0.014] at 6 months), with a total body weight loss of 12.2% ± 8.8% with IGBs in place and 10.9% ± 8.9% at 6 months. Body fat decreased from 48.6% ± 5.8% to 40.6% ± 6.4% (P = 0.001) and lean mass increased from 51.3% ± 6% to 59.4% ± 6.4% (P = 0.001). No change in MELD-Na scores occurred (P = 0.770). Early balloon retrieval was attributed to accommodative symptoms (n = 2) and liver decompensation (n = 1). Mallory Weiss tears (n = 3), but no portal hypertensive bleeding, occurred. Liver decompensation and/or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) developed in 3 patients. A total of 4 patients with LT ± sleeve gastrectomy maintained overall weight loss. Of 4 patients who did not receive transplants, 2 experienced weight regain. IGB results in short-term weight loss in patients with cirrhosis awaiting LT, with body fat loss without lean mass loss. Adverse effects were common. Decompensation and HCC did occur, with uncertainty of the relation to weight loss, and thus careful patient selection and close follow-up are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kymberly D Watt
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Monika Rizk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - William Sanchez
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - John Port
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Heather Bamlet
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Kathryn Tiedtke
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Harmeet Malhi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Karen Grothe
- Department of Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Matthew Clark
- Department of Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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2
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Kozhevnikov IV, Buzmakov AV, Siewert F, Tiedtke K, Störmer M, Samoylova L, Sinn H. Growth of nano-dots on the grazing-incidence mirror surface under FEL irradiation. J Synchrotron Radiat 2016; 23:78-90. [PMID: 26698048 DOI: 10.1107/s160057751502202x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new phenomenon on X-ray optics surfaces has been observed: the growth of nano-dots (40-55 nm diameter, 8-13 nm height, 9.4 dots µm(-2) surface density) on the grazing-incidence mirror surface under irradiation by the free-electron laser (FEL) FLASH (5-45 nm wavelength, 3° grazing-incidence angle). With a model calculation it is shown that these nano-dots may occur during the growth of a contamination layer due to polymerization of incoming hydrocarbon molecules. The crucial factors responsible for the growth of nano-dots in the model are the incident peak intensity and the reflection angle of the beam. A reduction of the peak intensity (e.g. replacement of the FEL beam by synchrotron radiation) as well as a decrease of the incident angle by just 1° (from 3° to 2°) may result in the total disappearance of the nano-dots. The model calculations are compared with surface analysis of two FLASH mirrors.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Kozhevnikov
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospect 59, Moscow 119333, Russian Federation
| | - A V Buzmakov
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospect 59, Moscow 119333, Russian Federation
| | - F Siewert
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert Einstein Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - K Tiedtke
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Störmer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Materials Research, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - L Samoylova
- European XFEL GmbH, Albert Einstein Ring 19, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - H Sinn
- European XFEL GmbH, Albert Einstein Ring 19, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Tiedtke K, Sorokin AA, Jastrow U, Juranić P, Kreis S, Gerken N, Richter M, Arp U, Feng Y, Nordlund D, Soufli R, Fernández-Perea M, Juha L, Heimann P, Nagler B, Lee HJ, Mack S, Cammarata M, Krupin O, Messerschmidt M, Holmes M, Rowen M, Schlotter W, Moeller S, Turner JJ. Absolute pulse energy measurements of soft x-rays at the Linac Coherent Light Source. Opt Express 2014; 22:21214-26. [PMID: 25321502 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.021214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports novel measurements of x-ray optical radiation on an absolute scale from the intense and ultra-short radiation generated in the soft x-ray regime of a free electron laser. We give a brief description of the detection principle for radiation measurements which was specifically adapted for this photon energy range. We present data characterizing the soft x-ray instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) with respect to the radiant power output and transmission by using an absolute detector temporarily placed at the downstream end of the instrument. This provides an estimation of the reflectivity of all x-ray optical elements in the beamline and provides the absolute photon number per bandwidth per pulse. This parameter is important for many experiments that need to understand the trade-offs between high energy resolution and high flux, such as experiments focused on studying materials via resonant processes. Furthermore, the results are compared with the LCLS diagnostic gas detectors to test the limits of linearity, and observations are reported on radiation contamination from spontaneous undulator radiation and higher harmonic content.
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4
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Wierzchowski W, Wieteska K, Balcer T, Klinger D, Sobierajski R, Żymierska D, Chalupský J, Hájková V, Burian T, Gleeson A, Juha L, Tiedtke K, Toleikis S, Vyšín L, Wabnitz H, Gaudin J. X-ray topographic investigation of the deformation field around spots irradiated by FLASH single pulses. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2011.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Gaudin J, Keitel B, Jurgilaitis A, Nüske R, Guérin L, Larsson J, Mann K, Schäfer B, Tiedtke K, Trapp A, Tschentscher T, Yang F, Wulff M, Sinn H, Flöter B. Time-resolved investigation of nanometer scale deformations induced by a high flux x-ray beam. Opt Express 2011; 19:15516-15524. [PMID: 21934914 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.015516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We present results of a time-resolved pump-probe experiment where a Si sample was exposed to an intense 15 keV beam and its surface monitored by measuring the wavefront deformation of a reflected optical laser probe beam. By reconstructing and back propagating the wavefront, the deformed surface can be retrieved for each time step. The dynamics of the heat bump, build-up and relaxation, is followed with a spatial resolution in the nanometer range. The results are interpreted taking into account results of finite element method simulations. Due to its robustness and simplicity this method should find further developments at new x-ray light sources (FEL) or be used to gain understanding on thermo-dynamical behavior of highly excited materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gaudin
- European XFEL, Albert-Einstein-Ring 19, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany.
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6
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Sobierajski R, Bruijn S, Khorsand AR, Louis E, van de Kruijs RWE, Burian T, Chalupsky J, Cihelka J, Gleeson A, Grzonka J, Gullikson EM, Hajkova V, Hau-Riege S, Juha L, Jurek M, Klinger D, Krzywinski J, London R, Pelka JB, Płociński T, Rasiński M, Tiedtke K, Toleikis S, Vysin L, Wabnitz H, Bijkerk F. Damage mechanisms of MoN/SiN multilayer optics for next-generation pulsed XUV light sources. Opt Express 2011; 19:193-205. [PMID: 21263557 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the damage mechanism of MoN/SiN multilayer XUV optics under two extreme conditions: thermal annealing and irradiation with single shot intense XUV pulses from the free-electron laser facility in Hamburg - FLASH. The damage was studied "post-mortem" by means of X-ray diffraction, interference-polarizing optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning transmission electron microscopy. Although the timescale of the damage processes and the damage threshold temperatures were different (in the case of annealing it was the dissociation temperature of Mo2N and in the case of XUV irradiation it was the melting temperature of MoN) the main damage mechanism is very similar: molecular dissociation and the formation of N2, leading to bubbles inside the multilayer structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sobierajski
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Nieuwegein, Netherlands.
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7
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Chalupský J, Krzywinski J, Juha L, Hájková V, Cihelka J, Burian T, Vysín L, Gaudin J, Gleeson A, Jurek M, Khorsand AR, Klinger D, Wabnitz H, Sobierajski R, Störmer M, Tiedtke K, Toleikis S. Spot size characterization of focused non-Gaussian X-ray laser beams. Opt Express 2010; 18:27836-45. [PMID: 21197057 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.027836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a new technique for the characterization of non-Gaussian laser beams which cannot be described by an analytical formula. As a generalization of the beam spot area we apply and refine the definition of so called effective area (A(eff)) [1] in order to avoid using the full-width at half maximum (FWHM) parameter which is inappropriate for non-Gaussian beams. Furthermore, we demonstrate a practical utilization of our technique for a femtosecond soft X-ray free-electron laser. The ablative imprints in poly(methyl methacrylate) - PMMA and amorphous carbon (a-C) are used to characterize the spatial beam profile and to determine the effective area. Two procedures of the effective area determination are presented in this work. An F-scan method, newly developed in this paper, appears to be a good candidate for the spatial beam diagnostics applicable to lasers of various kinds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chalupský
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
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8
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Khorsand AR, Sobierajski R, Louis E, Bruijn S, van Hattum ED, van de Kruijs RWE, Jurek M, Klinger D, Pelka JB, Juha L, Burian T, Chalupsky J, Cihelka J, Hajkova V, Vysin L, Jastrow U, Stojanovic N, Toleikis S, Wabnitz H, Tiedtke K, Sokolowski-Tinten K, Shymanovich U, Krzywinski J, Hau-Riege S, London R, Gleeson A, Gullikson EM, Bijkerk F. Single shot damage mechanism of Mo/Si multilayer optics under intense pulsed XUV-exposure. Opt Express 2010; 18:700-712. [PMID: 20173890 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.000700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We investigated single shot damage of Mo/Si multilayer coatings exposed to the intense fs XUV radiation at the Free-electron LASer facility in Hamburg - FLASH. The interaction process was studied in situ by XUV reflectometry, time resolved optical microscopy, and "post-mortem" by interference-polarizing optical microscopy (with Nomarski contrast), atomic force microscopy, and scanning transmission electron microcopy. An ultrafast molybdenum silicide formation due to enhanced atomic diffusion in melted silicon has been determined to be the key process in the damage mechanism. The influence of the energy diffusion on the damage process was estimated. The results are of significance for the design of multilayer optics for a new generation of pulsed (from atto- to nanosecond) XUV sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Khorsand
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Edisonbaan 14, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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9
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Richter M, Amusia MY, Bobashev SV, Feigl T, Juranić PN, Martins M, Sorokin AA, Tiedtke K. Extreme ultraviolet laser excites atomic giant resonance. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 102:163002. [PMID: 19518707 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.163002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Exceptional behavior of light-matter interaction in the extreme ultraviolet is demonstrated. The photoionization of different rare gases was compared at the free-electron laser in Hamburg, FLASH, by applying ion spectroscopy at the wavelength of 13.7 nm and irradiance levels of thousands of terawatts per square centimeter. In the case of xenon, the degree of nonlinear photoionization was found to be significantly higher than for neon, argon, and krypton. This target specific behavior cannot be explained by the standard theories developed for optical strong-field phenomena. We suspect that the collective giant 4d resonance of xenon is the driving force behind the effect that arises in this spectral range.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Richter
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestrasse 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany.
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10
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Chalupský J, Juha L, Hájková V, Cihelka J, Vysín L, Gautier J, Hajdu J, Hau-Riege SP, Jurek M, Krzywinski J, London RA, Papalazarou E, Pelka JB, Rey G, Sebban S, Sobierajski R, Stojanovic N, Tiedtke K, Toleikis S, Tschentscher T, Valentin C, Wabnitz H, Zeitoun P. Non-thermal desorption/ablation of molecular solids induced by ultra-short soft x-ray pulses. Opt Express 2009; 17:208-217. [PMID: 19129890 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report the first observation of single-shot soft x-ray laser induced desorption occurring below the ablation threshold in a thin layer of poly (methyl methacrylate)--PMMA. Irradiated by the focused beam from the Free-electron LASer in Hamburg (FLASH) at 21.7 nm, the samples have been investigated by atomic-force microscope (AFM) enabling the visualization of mild surface modifications caused by the desorption. A model describing non-thermal desorption and ablation has been developed and used to analyze single-shot imprints in PMMA. An intermediate regime of materials removal has been found, confirming model predictions. We also report below-threshold multiple-shot desorption of PMMA induced by high-order harmonics (HOH) at 32 nm. Short-time exposure imprints provide sufficient information about transverse beam profile in HOH's tight focus whereas long-time exposed PMMA exhibits radiation-initiated surface ardening making the beam profile measurement infeasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chalupský
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 8, Czech Republic.
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11
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Richter M, Bobashev SV, Sorokin AA, Tiedtke K. Photon-matter interaction at short wavelengths and ultra-high intensity – Gas-phase experiments at FLASH. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/141/1/012014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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12
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Mitzner R, Siemer B, Neeb M, Noll T, Siewert F, Roling S, Rutkowski M, Sorokin AA, Richter M, Juranic P, Tiedtke K, Feldhaus J, Eberhardt W, Zacharias H. Spatio-temporal coherence of free electron laser pulses in the soft x-ray regime. Opt Express 2008; 16:19909-19919. [PMID: 19030078 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.019909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The temporal coherence properties of soft x-ray free electron laser pulses at FLASH are measured at 23.9 nm by interfering two time-delayed partial beams directly on a CCD camera. The partial beams are obtained by wave front beam splitting in an autocorrelator operating at photon energies from h nu = 30 to 200 eV. At zero delay a visibility of (0.63+/- 0.04) is measured. The delay of one partial beam reveals a coherence time of 6 fs at 23.9 nm. The visibility further displays a non-monotonic decay, which can be rationalized by the presence of multiple pulse structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mitzner
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
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13
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Bostedt C, Thomas H, Hoener M, Eremina E, Fennel T, Meiwes-Broer KH, Wabnitz H, Kuhlmann M, Plönjes E, Tiedtke K, Treusch R, Feldhaus J, de Castro ARB, Möller T. Multistep ionization of argon clusters in intense femtosecond extreme ultraviolet pulses. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 100:133401. [PMID: 18517951 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.133401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of intense extreme ultraviolet femtosecond laser pulses (lambda = 32.8 nm) from the FLASH free electron laser (FEL) with clusters has been investigated by means of photoelectron spectroscopy and modeled by Monte Carlo simulations. For laser intensities up to 5x10(13) W/cm(2), we find that the cluster ionization process is a sequence of direct electron emission events in a developing Coulomb field. A nanoplasma is formed only at the highest investigated power densities where ionization is frustrated due to the deep cluster potential. In contrast with earlier studies in the IR and vacuum ultraviolet spectral regime, we find no evidence for electron emission from plasma heating processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bostedt
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Eugene-Wigner-Bldg. EW 3-1, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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14
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Sorokin AA, Bobashev SV, Feigl T, Tiedtke K, Wabnitz H, Richter M. Photoelectric effect at ultrahigh intensities. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 99:213002. [PMID: 18233213 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.213002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In the spectral range of the extreme ultraviolet at a wavelength of 13.3 nm, we have studied the photoionization of xenon at ultrahigh intensities. For our ion mass-to-charge spectroscopy experiments, irradiance levels from 10(12) to 10(16) W cm(-2) were achieved at the new free-electron laser in Hamburg FLASH by strong beam focusing with the aid of a spherical multilayer mirror. Ion charges up to Xe21+ were observed and investigated as a function of irradiance. Our surprising results are discussed in terms of a perturbative and nonperturbative description.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Sorokin
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestrasse 2-12, D-10587 Berlin, Germany
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15
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Chalupský J, Juha L, Kuba J, Cihelka J, Hájková V, Koptyaev S, Krása J, Velyhan A, Bergh M, Caleman C, Hajdu J, Bionta RM, Chapman H, Hau-Riege SP, London RA, Jurek M, Krzywinski J, Nietubyc R, Pelka JB, Sobierajski R, Meyer-Ter-Vehn J, Tronnier A, Sokolowski-Tinten K, Stojanovic N, Tiedtke K, Toleikis S, Tschentscher T, Wabnitz H, Zastrau U. Characteristics of focused soft X-ray free-electron laser beam determined by ablation of organic molecular solids. Opt Express 2007; 15:6036-6043. [PMID: 19546907 DOI: 10.1364/oe.15.006036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A linear accelerator based source of coherent radiation, FLASH (Free-electron LASer in Hamburg) provides ultra-intense femtosecond radiation pulses at wavelengths from the extreme ultraviolet (XUV; lambda<100nm) to the soft X-ray (SXR; lambda<30nm) spectral regions. 25-fs pulses of 32-nm FLASH radiation were used to determine the ablation parameters of PMMA - poly (methyl methacrylate). Under these irradiation conditions the attenuation length and ablation threshold were found to be (56.9+/-7.5) nm and approximately 2 mJ*cm(-2), respectively. For a second wavelength of 21.7 nm, the PMMA ablation was utilized to image the transverse intensity distribution within the focused beam at mum resolution by a method developed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chalupský
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
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16
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Düsterer S, Radcliffe P, Geloni G, Jastrow U, Kuhlmann M, Plönjes E, Tiedtke K, Treusch R, Feldhaus J, Nicolosi P, Poletto L, Yeates P, Luna H, Costello JT, Orr P, Cubaynes D, Meyer M. Spectroscopic characterization of vacuum ultraviolet free electron laser pulses. Opt Lett 2006; 31:1750-2. [PMID: 16688283 DOI: 10.1364/ol.31.001750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Because of the stochastic nature of self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE), it is crucial to measure for single pulses the spectral characteristics of ultrashort pulses from the vacuum ultraviolet free electron laser (FLASH) at DESY, Germany. To meet this particular challenge, we have employed both photon and photoelectron spectroscopy. Each FEL pulse is composed of an intense and spectrally complex fundamental, centered at a photon energy of about 38.5 eV, with a bandwidth of 0.5% accompanied by higher harmonics, each carrying an intensity of typically 0.3 to 0.6% of that of the fundamental. The correlation between the harmonics and the fundamental is in remarkable agreement with a simple statistical model of SASE FEL radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Düsterer
- Hamburger Synchrotronstrahlungslabor(HASYLAB) at Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Germany
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17
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18
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Wabnitz H, Bittner L, de Castro ARB, Döhrmann R, Gürtler P, Laarmann T, Laasch W, Schulz J, Swiderski A, von Haeften K, Möller T, Faatz B, Fateev A, Feldhaus J, Gerth C, Hahn U, Saldin E, Schneidmiller E, Sytchev K, Tiedtke K, Treusch R, Yurkov M. Multiple ionization of atom clusters by intense soft X-rays from a free-electron laser. Nature 2002; 420:482-5. [PMID: 12466837 DOI: 10.1038/nature01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2002] [Accepted: 10/07/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Intense radiation from lasers has opened up many new areas of research in physics and chemistry, and has revolutionized optical technology. So far, most work in the field of nonlinear processes has been restricted to infrared, visible and ultraviolet light, although progress in the development of X-ray lasers has been made recently. With the advent of a free-electron laser in the soft-X-ray regime below 100 nm wavelength, a new light source is now available for experiments with intense, short-wavelength radiation that could be used to obtain deeper insights into the structure of matter. Other free-electron sources with even shorter wavelengths are planned for the future. Here we present initial results from a study of the interaction of soft X-ray radiation, generated by a free-electron laser, with Xe atoms and clusters. We find that, whereas Xe atoms become only singly ionized by the absorption of single photons, absorption in clusters is strongly enhanced. On average, each atom in large clusters absorbs up to 400 eV, corresponding to 30 photons. We suggest that the clusters are heated up and electrons are emitted after acquiring sufficient energy. The clusters finally disintegrate completely by Coulomb explosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wabnitz
- Hamburger Synchrotronstrahlungslabor HASYLAB at Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany
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Ayvazyan V, Baboi N, Bohnet I, Brinkmann R, Castellano M, Castro P, Catani L, Choroba S, Cianchi A, Dohlus M, Edwards HT, Faatz B, Fateev AA, Feldhaus J, Flöttmann K, Gamp A, Garvey T, Genz H, Gerth C, Gretchko V, Grigoryan B, Hahn U, Hessler C, Honkavaara K, Hüning M, Ischebeck R, Jablonka M, Kamps T, Körfer M, Krassilnikov M, Krzywinski J, Liepe M, Liero A, Limberg T, Loos H, Luong M, Magne C, Menzel J, Michelato P, Minty M, Müller UC, Nölle D, Novokhatski A, Pagani C, Peters F, Pflüger J, Piot P, Plucinski L, Rehlich K, Reyzl I, Richter A, Rossbach J, Saldin EL, Sandner W, Schlarb H, Schmidt G, Schmüser P, Schneider JR, Schneidmiller EA, Schreiber HJ, Schreiber S, Sertore D, Setzer S, Simrock S, Sobierajski R, Sonntag B, Steeg B, Stephan F, Sytchev KP, Tiedtke K, Tonutti M, Treusch R, Trines D, Türke D, Verzilov V, Wanzenberg R, Weiland T, Weise H, Wendt M, Will I, Wolff S, Wittenburg K, Yurkov MV, Zapfe K. Generation of GW radiation pulses from a VUV free-electron laser operating in the femtosecond regime. Phys Rev Lett 2002; 88:104802. [PMID: 11909361 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.88.104802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Experimental results are presented from vacuum-ultraviolet free-electron laser (FEL) operating in the self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) mode. The generation of ultrashort radiation pulses became possible due to specific tailoring of the bunch charge distribution. A complete characterization of the linear and nonlinear modes of the SASE FEL operation was performed. At saturation the FEL produces ultrashort pulses (30-100 fs FWHM) with a peak radiation power in the GW level and with full transverse coherence. The wavelength was tuned in the range of 95-105 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ayvazyan
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
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Eckardt I, Schröter T, Tiedtke K, Wagner N. Ti-adsorption on Se-prereacted GaAs (110) surfaces studied by SXPS. Cryst Res Technol 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.2170320302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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