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Povinec PP, Liong Wee Kwong L, Kaizer J, Molnár M, Nies H, Palcsu L, Papp L, Pham MK, Jean-Baptiste P. Impact of the Fukushima accident on tritium, radiocarbon and radiocesium levels in seawater of the western North Pacific Ocean: A comparison with pre-Fukushima situation. J Environ Radioact 2017; 166:56-66. [PMID: 26997585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tritium, radiocarbon and radiocesium concentrations in water column samples in coastal waters offshore Fukushima and in the western North Pacific Ocean collected in 2011-2012 during the Ka'imikai-o-Kanaloa (KoK) cruise are compared with other published results. The highest levels in surface seawater were observed for 134Cs and 137Cs in seawater samples collected offshore Fukushima (up to 1.1 Bq L-1), which represent an increase by about three orders of magnitude when compared with the pre-Fukushima concentration. Tritium levels were much lower (up to 0.15 Bq L-1), representing an increase by about a factor of 6. The impact on the radiocarbon distribution was measurable, but the observed levels were only by about 9% above the global fallout background. The 137Cs (and similarly 134Cs) inventory in the water column of the investigated western North Pacific region was (2.7 ± 0.4) PBq, while for 3H it was only (0.3 ± 0.2) PBq. Direct releases of highly contaminated water from the damaged Fukushima NPP, as well as dry and wet depositions of these radionuclides over the western North Pacific considerably changed their distribution patterns in seawater. Presently we can distinguish Fukushima labeled waters from global fallout background thanks to short-lived 134Cs. However, in the long-term perspective when 134Cs will decay, new distribution patterns of 3H, 14C and 137Cs in the Pacific Ocean should be established for future oceanographic and climate change studies in the Pacific Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Povinec
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, 84248 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - L Liong Wee Kwong
- Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, MC 98000 Monaco
| | - J Kaizer
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, 84248 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - M Molnár
- Institute for Nuclear Research (ATOMKI), 4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - H Nies
- Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, MC 98000 Monaco
| | - L Palcsu
- Institute for Nuclear Research (ATOMKI), 4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - L Papp
- Institute for Nuclear Research (ATOMKI), 4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - M K Pham
- Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, MC 98000 Monaco
| | - P Jean-Baptiste
- LSCE, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, CEA/Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Ontiveros-Cuadras JF, Ruiz-Fernández AC, Sanchez-Cabeza JA, Pérez-Bernal LH, Sericano JL, Preda M, Wee Kwong LL, Páez-Osuna F. Trace element fluxes and natural potential risks from 210Pb-dated sediment cores in lacustrine environments at the Central Mexican Plateau. Sci Total Environ 2014; 468-469:677-687. [PMID: 24061059 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation, enrichment and provenance of selected trace metals (Ag, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) were studied in sediment cores collected from three lakes located in the Central Mexican Plateau, selected on the basis of their contrasting degree of urbanization: Santa Elena Lake, in a rural and remote area; El Tule Lake, in a rural and slightly urbanized area; and Chapala Lake, in a highly urbanized area. Grain size, magnetic susceptibility and sedimentary constituents such as organic carbon, calcium carbonate, as well as major (Al, Fe, Mn) and minor (Ca, Li, Rb, Sr, Th) elements were analyzed to explain the concentration trends of trace metals. Factor analysis (FA) was used to assess the provenance of the trace elements. The highest metal enrichment factor (EF) above natural concentration levels was found at Chapala Lake for Ag (EF = 3.9), although other trace element EF in all lakes was <2.0, indicating slight contamination. However, the concentration levels of Cr and Ni in all lakes, Hg and Zn in Chapala Lake, Cu in El Tule Lake and As in Santa Elena Lake were above international benchmarks for which adverse effects are expected to occur frequently, even for those metals only slightly enriched (e.g. As, Cr). Through FA, the terrigenous contribution was identified as the most important source of trace metals to the three lakes, most likely related to deforestation and erosion of the surrounding areas, followed by atmospheric transport of volcanic ashes, rather than to direct sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Ontiveros-Cuadras
- Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Calz. Joel Montes Camarena s/n, 82040 Mazatlán, Mexico
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Povinec PP, Burnett WC, Beck A, Bokuniewicz H, Charette M, Gonneea ME, Groening M, Ishitobi T, Kontar E, Liong Wee Kwong L, Marie DEP, Moore WS, Oberdorfer JA, Peterson R, Ramessur R, Rapaglia J, Stieglitz T, Top Z. Isotopic, geophysical and biogeochemical investigation of submarine groundwater discharge: IAEA-UNESCO intercomparison exercise at Mauritius Island. J Environ Radioact 2012; 104:24-45. [PMID: 22115434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) into a shallow lagoon on the west coast of Mauritius Island (Flic-en-Flac) was investigated using radioactive ((3)H, (222)Rn, (223)Ra, (224)Ra, (226)Ra, (228)Ra) and stable ((2)H, (18)O) isotopes and nutrients. SGD intercomparison exercises were carried out to validate the various approaches used to measure SGD including radium and radon measurements, seepage rate measurements using manual and automated meters, sediment bulk conductivity and salinity surveys. SGD measurements using benthic chambers placed on the floor of the Flic-en-Flac Lagoon showed discharge rates up to 500 cm/day. Large variability in SGD was observed over distances of a few meters, which were attributed to different geomorphological features. Deployments of automated seepage meters captured the spatial and temporal variability of SGD with a mean seepage rate of 10 cm/day. The stable isotopic composition of submarine waters was characterized by significant variability and heavy isotope enrichment and was used to predict the contribution of fresh terrestrially derived groundwater to SGD (range from a few % to almost 100%). The integrated SGD flux, estimated from seepage meters placed parallel to the shoreline, was 35 m(3)/m day, which was in reasonable agreement with results obtained from a hydrologic water balance calculation (26 m(3)/m day). SGD calculated from the radon inventory method using in situ radon measurements were between 5 and 56 m(3)/m per day. Low concentrations of radium isotopes observed in the lagoon water reflected the low abundance of U and Th in the basalt that makes up the island. High SGD rates contribute to high nutrients loading to the lagoon, potentially leading to eutrophication. Each of the applied methods yielded unique information about the character and magnitude of SGD. The results of the intercomparison studies have resulted a better understanding of groundwater-seawater interactions in coastal regions. Such information is an important pre-requisite for the protection and management of coastal freshwater resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Povinec
- Comenius University, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Mlynská dolina F-1, SK-84248 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Tsabaris C, Scholten J, Karageorgis AP, Comanducci JF, Georgopoulos D, Kwong LLW, Patiris DL, Papathanassiou E. Underwater in situ measurements of radionuclides in selected submarine groundwater springs, Mediterranean Sea. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2010; 142:273-281. [PMID: 20685728 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncq190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The application of the in situ measurement system 'KATERINA' for monitoring of radon progenies in submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) was investigated at different locations in the Mediterranean Sea (Chalkida, Stoupa, Korfos and Cabbé). At Chalkida and Stoupa radon progenies concentration exhibited almost constant values of 1.2 ± 0.1 and 2.5 ± 0.2 Bq l(-1), respectively. At Korfos these activities ranged between 1.4 ± 0.1 and 2.3 ± 0.2 Bq l(-1) exhibiting inverse relationship with salinity. At Cabbé the in situ measured data were compared with radon measurements obtained by liquid scintillation counter. The system also resolved radon progeny variations of SGD on time scales above 1 h. The radioactivity levels of radon progenies from all sites were found considerably lower (approximately 2 orders of magnitude) than the commonly accepted limits for radon in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tsabaris
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Oceanography, 46.7 km Athens-Sounio Avenue, Anavyssos 19013, Greece.
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Pham M, Sanchez-Cabeza J, Povinec P, Andor K, Arnold D, Benmansour M, Bikit I, Carvalho F, Dimitrova K, Edrev Z, Engeler C, Fouche F, Garcia-Orellana J, Gascó C, Gastaud J, Gudelis A, Hancock G, Holm E, Legarda F, Ikäheimonen T, Ilchmann C, Jenkinson A, Kanisch G, Kis-Benedek G, Kleinschmidt R, Koukouliou V, Kuhar B, LaRosa J, Lee SH, LePetit G, Levy-Palomo I, Liong Wee Kwong L, Llauradó M, Maringer F, Meyer M, Michalik B, Michel H, Nies H, Nour S, Oh JS, Oregioni B, Palomares J, Pantelic G, Pfitzner J, Pilvio R, Puskeiler L, Satake H, Schikowski J, Vitorovic G, Woodhead D, Wyse E. A new Certified Reference Material for radionuclides in Irish sea sediment (IAEA-385). Appl Radiat Isot 2008; 66:1711-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2007.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Pham MK, Sanchez-Cabeza JA, Povinec PP, Arnold D, Benmansour M, Bojanowski R, Carvalho FP, Kim CK, Esposito M, Gastaud J, Gascó CL, Ham GJ, Hegde AG, Holm E, Jaskierowicz D, Kanisch G, Llaurado M, La Rosa J, Lee SH, Liong Wee Kwong L, Le Petit G, Maruo Y, Nielsen SP, Oh JS, Oregioni B, Palomares J, Pettersson HBL, Rulik P, Ryan TP, Sato K, Schikowski J, Skwarzec B, Smedley PA, Tarján S, Vajda N, Wyse E. Certified reference material for radionuclides in fish flesh sample IAEA-414 (mixed fish from the Irish Sea and North Sea). Appl Radiat Isot 2006; 64:1253-9. [PMID: 16549351 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2006.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A certified reference material (CRM) for radionuclides in fish sample IAEA-414 (mixed fish from the Irish Sea and North Seas) is described and the results of the certification process are presented. Nine radionuclides (40K, 137Cs, 232Th, 234U, 235U, 238U, 238Pu, 239+240Pu and 241Am) were certified for this material. Information on massic activities with 95% confidence intervals is given for six other radionuclides (90Sr, 210Pb(210Po), 226Ra, 239Pu, 240Pu 241Pu). Less frequently reported radionuclides (99Tc, 129I, 228Th, 230Th and 237Np) and information on some activity and mass ratios are also included. The CRM can be used for quality assurance/quality control of the analysis of radionuclides in fish sample, for the development and validation of analytical methods and for training purposes. The material is available from IAEA, Vienna, in 100 g units.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Pham
- International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Marine Environment Laboratory (MEL), MC 98000, Monaco.
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Liong Wee Kwong L, Gastaud J, La Rosa J, Lee SH, Povinec PP, Wyse E. Determination of241Pu in marine samples using co-precipitation with rare earth fluoride and liquid scintillation spectrometry. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1023/b:jrnc.0000034860.56702.c4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Lee SH, Gastaud J, La Rosa JJ, Kwong LLW, Povinec PP, Wyse E, Fifield LK, Hausladen PA, Di Tada LM, Santos GM. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2001; 248:757-764. [DOI: 10.1023/a:1010609215926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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