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McAden EP, Leff MS, Staley JA, Greenberg RW, Nylander-French LA, Linnan LA. Feasibility of Implementing a Total Worker Health® Intervention During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Small and Medium Businesses : Results From the Carolina PROSPER Study. J Occup Environ Med 2023; 65:880-889. [PMID: 37550988 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In response to the COVID-19 pandemic's disruptive effect on employers and workers, an interdisciplinary team launched the Carolina Promoting Safe Practices for Employees' Return study to assess the feasibility of providing tailored technical assistance to small and medium North Carolina businesses using a Total Worker Health (TWH) ® approach. METHODS Feasibility of the approach was assessed via surveys and interviews of business representatives from four participating businesses ranging in size from 3 to 110 employees. RESULTS The TWH approach is feasible, that is, in demand, practical, and acceptable to protect and promote worker safety, health, and well-being. Potential challenges include implementation cost, difficulty engaging all employees, and difficulty accessing tailored health and safety materials in a timely manner. CONCLUSIONS Additional refinement and testing of the TWH approach postpandemic with more worksites is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily P McAden
- From the North Carolina Occupational Safety and Health Education and Research Center, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (E.P.M., J.A.S., R.W.G., L.A.N.-F.); Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.S.L., L.A.L.); Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.A.S., L.A.N.-F.); and The Center for Construction Research and Training, Silver Spring, Maryland (R.W.G.)
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Kay MC, Hennink-Kaminski H, Kerr ZY, Gildner P, Ingram BM, Cameron KL, Houston MN, Linnan LA, Marshall SW, Peck KY, Register-Mihalik JK. Factors and expectations influencing concussion disclosure within NCAA Division I athletes: A mixed methodological approach. J Sport Health Sci 2023; 12:388-397. [PMID: 34547482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Participation in sports is associated with many benefits to all aspects of health; however, it also comes with the risk of injury, particularly concussions. Self-disclosure and care seeking following a concussion are especially important because of the lack of outwardly visible signs and/or symptoms. Although recent research has explored factors affecting concussion disclosure, use of isolated methodologies limits the ability to contextualize how disclosure or nondisclosure occurs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to describe the factors and expectations of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletes that may influence concussion disclosure. METHODS This mixed-methods convergent parallel research study included 25 NCAA Division I athletes representing 13 sports, all of whom completed a concussion-education session with pre-/post-test surveys and a semistructured interview. Eligible athletes were at least 18 years old and on an NCAA roster. The surveys focused on previous concussion-related disclosure behaviors, knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, norms, and intentions about disclosing concussion. Interviews focused on the athletes' experiences related to concussion disclosure. Survey data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney U tests. Interviews were analyzed using a Consensual Qualitative Research tradition. RESULTS Participants had good concussion knowledge (median = 46.0), positive attitudes (median = 38.0), strong beliefs (median = 13.0), and strong intentions to disclose concussion symptoms (median = 7.0). None of the constructs differed by participants' gender. Although quantitative findings were mostly positive, interview data highlighted factors that may explain why some participants are successful in disclosing concussions and why others may find disclosure difficult. Educational efforts, sport culture, and medical professional presence were the primary facilitators discussed by participants. Stigma, pressure, and a lack of team support were perceived as disclosure barriers. CONCLUSION The context in which concussion disclosure occurs or does not occur is vital to the success of educational interventions. Interventions must prioritize stakeholder- and team-based perspectives on concussion to establish a network supportive to disclosure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C Kay
- School of Health Professions, College of Nursing and Health Professions, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Heidi Hennink-Kaminski
- School of Media and Journalism, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zachary Y Kerr
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Exercise and Sport Science, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Center for the Study of Retired Athletes, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Paula Gildner
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Brittany M Ingram
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kenneth L Cameron
- Keller Army Hospital, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA; Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Megan N Houston
- Keller Army Hospital, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Laura A Linnan
- Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Stephen W Marshall
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Karen Y Peck
- Keller Army Hospital, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Johna K Register-Mihalik
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Exercise and Sport Science, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Callahan CE, Kay MC, Kerr ZY, Hinson MT, Linnan LA, Hennink-Kaminski H, Gildner P, Marshall SW, Houston MN, Cameron KL, Register-Mihalik J. Association Between Previous Concussion Education and Concussion Care-Seeking Outcomes Among National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Student-Athletes. J Athl Train 2021; 56:461578. [PMID: 33618368 PMCID: PMC8010936 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0211.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Limited data exist concerning differences in concussion-education exposure and how education exposures relate to care seeking and symptom disclosure, specifically by National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I student-athletes. OBJECTIVE To investigate demographic characteristics associated with concussion-education exposure and examine whether overall education exposure (yes versus no) and education-source exposure number (multiple sources versus a single source) affect concussion care-seeking and disclosure factors in Division I student-athletes. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Classroom or online survey. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Division I student-athletes (n = 341). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Frequencies and proportions were computed for sex, race, school year, sport, and concussion history across concussion-education groups. Prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% CIs were calculated to quantify the associations between student-athlete characteristics and (1) overall concussion-education exposure and (2) source-exposure number. Separate multivariable linear regression models estimated adjusted mean differences (MDs) and 95% CIs, which allowed us to assess differences in concussion knowledge, attitudes, and perceived social norms relative to concussion-education exposure and exposure to multiple sources. Separate multivariable binomial regression models were performed to estimate adjusted PRs and 95% CIs in order to evaluate associations of intention, perceived control, and care-seeking or disclosure behaviors and overall concussion-education exposure and exposure to multiple sources. All models controlled for sex, sport, and concussion history. RESULTS Overall, 276 (80.9%) participants reported previous concussion education, with 179 (64.9%) being exposed to multiple sources. Student-athletes who participated in a contact sport (adjusted PR = 1.24; 95% CI = 1.06, 1.44) and those who had a concussion history (adjusted PR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.09, 1.31) had higher prevalences of concussion-education exposure. Females had a lower prevalence of reporting multiple sources (adjusted PR = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.68, 0.99). Overall concussion-education exposure was significantly associated with more favorable perceived social norms surrounding concussion care seeking (adjusted MD = 1.37; 95% CI = 0.13, 2.61). CONCLUSIONS These findings highlighted the potential differences in overall concussion-education exposure and provide clinicians with information on groups who may benefit from additional targeted education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E. Callahan
- Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Exercise and Sport Science
| | - Melissa C. Kay
- School of Health Professions, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg
| | - Zachary Y. Kerr
- Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Exercise and Sport Science
| | - Madison T. Hinson
- Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Exercise and Sport Science
| | - Laura A. Linnan
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health
| | | | - Paula Gildner
- Injury Prevention Research Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Stephen W. Marshall
- Injury Prevention Research Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | | | - Johna Register-Mihalik
- Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Exercise and Sport Science
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Callahan CE, Kay MC, Kerr ZY, Hinson MT, Linnan LA, Hennink-Kaminski H, Gildner P, Marshall SW, Houston MN, Cameron KL, Register-Mihalik JK. Association Between Previous Concussion Education and Concussion Care-Seeking Outcomes among NCAA Division I Student-Athletes. J Athl Train 2020:446979. [PMID: 33150430 DOI: 10.4085/211-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT There are limited data concerning differences in concussion education exposure and how education exposures relates to care-seeking and symptom disclosure, specifically in Division I student-athletes. OBJECTIVE Investigate demographic characteristics associated with concussion education exposure and examine whether overall education exposure (yes vs. no) and education source exposure number (multiple sources vs. single source) affects concussion care-seeking and disclosure factors in Division I student-athletes. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. SETTING Classroom or online. PARTICIPANTS NCAA Division I student-athletes (n=341). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Frequencies and proportions were computed for sex, race, school year, sport, and concussion history across concussion education groups. Prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) quantified the association between student-athlete characteristics and 1) overall concussion education exposure and 2) source exposure number. Separate multivariable linear regression models estimated adjusted mean differences (MD) and 95%CI to assess differences in concussion knowledge, attitudes, and perceived social norms relative to concussion education exposure and exposure to multiple sources. Separate multivariable binomial regression models estimated adjusted PRs and 95%CI to assess associations of intention, perceived control, and care-seeking/disclosure behaviors and overall concussion education exposure and exposure to multiple sources. All models controlled for sex, sport, and concussion history. RESULTS Overall, n=276 (80.9%) reported previous concussion education, with 179 (64.9%) exposed to multiple sources. Student-athletes that participated in a contact sport (adjusted PR=1.24, 95%CI=1.06,1.44) and those who had a concussion history (adjusted PR=1.19, 95%CI=1.09,1.31) had higher prevalence of previous concussion education exposure. Females had a lower prevalence of reporting multiple sources (adjusted PR=0.82, 95%CI=0.68, 0.99). Overall concussion education exposure was significantly associated with more favorable perceived social norms surrounding concussion care-seeking (adjusted MD=1.37, 95%CI=0.13,2.61). CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight potential differences in overall concussion education exposure and provide clinicians with information on groups who may benefit from targeted additional education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Callahan
- 1. Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- 2. Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- 3. Curriculum in Human Movement Science, Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Melissa C Kay
- 4. School of Health Professions, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Zachary Y Kerr
- 1. Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- 2. Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- 3. Curriculum in Human Movement Science, Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- 5. Injury Prevention Research Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Madison T Hinson
- 1. Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- 2. Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Laura A Linnan
- 6. Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Heidi Hennink-Kaminski
- 7. Hussman School of Media and Journalism, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paula Gildner
- 5. Injury Prevention Research Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephen W Marshall
- 5. Injury Prevention Research Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- 8. Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Johna K Register-Mihalik
- 1. Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- 2. Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- 3. Curriculum in Human Movement Science, Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- 5. Injury Prevention Research Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Thornton M, Hammerback K, Abraham JM, Brosseau L, Harris JR, Linnan LA. Using a Social Capital Framework to Explore a Broker's Role in Small Employer Wellness Program Uptake and Implementation. Am J Health Promot 2020; 35:214-225. [PMID: 32914635 DOI: 10.1177/0890117120957159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Small employers, while motivated to implement wellness programs, often lack knowledge and resources to do so. As a result, these firms rely on external decision-making support from insurance brokers. The objective of this study was to analyze brokers' familiarity with wellness programs and to characterize their role and interactions with small employers. DESIGN Using a newly developed common interview guide (20 questions), protocol and analysis plan, 20 interviews were conducted with health insurance brokers in Illinois, Minnesota, North Carolina and Washington in 2016 and 2017. In addition to exploring patterns of broker interactions and familiarity by segment, we propose a framework to conceptualize the broker-client relationship using social capital theory and the RE-AIM model. METHODS Interviews were transcribed, summarized and a common codebook was established using DeDoose. Themes were identified following multi-rater coding and structured within the framework. RESULTS Participating brokers reported having a high to moderate familiarity with wellness programs (65%) and a majority (80%) indicated that they have previously advised their small business clients on the availability and features of them. Further, we find that brokers may help eliminate barriers to resources and act as a connector to wellness opportunities within their professional network. CONCLUSION New initiatives to promote small employer wellness programs can benefit from examining the influence of brokers on the decision-making process. When engaged and supported with resources, brokers may be effective champions for employer wellness programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Thornton
- Department of Management & Marketing-Health Services Administration, School of Business, 14828State University of New York at Oswego, SUNY Oswego, NY, USA
| | - Kristen Hammerback
- Department of Health Services, School of Public Health, 7284University of Washington, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jean M Abraham
- Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, 5635University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lisa Brosseau
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, 14681University of Illinois Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Harris
- Department of Health Services, 49462School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laura A Linnan
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, 446733University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Vaughn AE, Willis EA, Ward DS, Smith F, Grummon A, Linnan LA. Workplace-based opportunities to support child care workers' health and safety. Prev Med Rep 2020; 19:101154. [PMID: 32714774 PMCID: PMC7369321 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Child care workers earn among the lowest wages in the United States and they struggle with many health issues. The purpose of this study was to describe workplace supports for nutrition, physical activity, other health behaviors (e.g., smoking cessation, stress management), and occupational health and safety available to child care workers, and thereby inform the development of future workplace-based interventions to improve worker well-being. Between 2015 and 2016, 74 North Carolina child care centers (and directors), participating in a larger randomized controlled trial, completed a Workplace Health and Safety Assessment (interview and observation) measuring four domains: Infrastructure, Organizational Policies and Procedures, Programs and Promotions, and Internal Physical Environment. This study used baseline data to report means and standard deviations. Participating child care centers employed, on average, 12.7 ± 8.4 employees. Total scores from the Workplace Health and Safety Assessment averaged 41.3 ± 12.6 out of a possible 154, demonstrating many missed opportunities for supporting health/safety. More specifically, centers scored on average 9.5 ± 3.9 on Infrastructure (35% of potential points), 11.1 ± 3.9 on Organizational Policies and Procedures (32% of potential), 7.6 ± 5.4 on Programs and Promotions (12% of potential), and 13.1 ± 2.2 on Internal Physical Environment (49% of potential). The most frequent supports available were for occupational health and safety issues, while fewer supports were available for physical activity and other health behaviors. Child care workers could benefit greatly from more comprehensive workplace health and safety interventions; however, strategies must overcome centers' limited capacity and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber E Vaughn
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 Martin L. King Jr. Blvd., CB 7426, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7426, USA
| | - Erik A Willis
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 Martin L. King Jr. Blvd., CB 7426, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7426, USA
| | - Dianne S Ward
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 Martin L. King Jr. Blvd., CB 7426, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7426, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2202 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, CB7461, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7461, USA
| | - Falon Smith
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 Martin L. King Jr. Blvd., CB 7426, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7426, USA
| | - Anna Grummon
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 Martin L. King Jr. Blvd., CB 7426, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7426, USA.,Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 307 Rosenau Hall, CB 7440, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7440, USA
| | - Laura A Linnan
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 307 Rosenau Hall, CB 7440, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7440, USA
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Linnan LA, Vaughn AE, Smith FT, Westgate P, Hales D, Arandia G, Neshteruk C, Willis E, Ward DS. Results of caring and reaching for health (CARE): a cluster-randomized controlled trial assessing a worksite wellness intervention for child care staff. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2020; 17:64. [PMID: 32414381 PMCID: PMC7227251 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-00968-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child care workers are among the lowest paid US workers and experience a wide array of health concerns. The physical and mental demands of their job and the lack of employer-provided health-insurance increase health risks. The Caring and Reaching for Health (CARE) study evaluated a 6-month Healthy Lifestyles intervention targeting child care workers' physical activity (primary outcome), other health behaviors, and their workplace health environment. METHODS Eligible child care centers, defined as being in operation for at least 2 years and employing at least four staff, were enrolled into CARE's cluster-randomized trial. Centers and their child care staff were randomly assigned to either the Healthy Lifestyles (HL) intervention arm or the Healthy Finances (HF) attention control arm using a block randomization approach. Intervention components were delivered through in-person workshops, center-level displays, informational magazines, director coaching, electronic messaging, and an interactive website. Outcome measures were collected during center visits at baseline and immediately post-intervention by trained data collectors blinded to center arm assignment. Workers' physical activity was assessed with accelerometers, worn for 7 days. Secondary outcome measures included biometric assessments of health and fitness, web-based surveys about health behaviors, and an environmental audit of workplace supports for health. Multi-level linear mixed models assessed worker- and center-level changes in these outcomes. RESULTS Participants included 553 child care workers representing 56 centers (HL = 250 staff/28 centers, HF = 303 staff/28 centers). At 6 months, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity declined slightly in both arms (- 1.3 min/day, 95% CI: - 3.0, 0.3 in HL; - 1.9 min/day, 95% CI: - 3.3, - 0.5 in HF), but there was no significant group by time interaction. Several secondary outcomes for other health behaviors and workplace health environment showed improvements in favor of the intervention arm, yet differences did not remain statistically significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSIONS While the Healthy Lifestyles intervention did not improve health behaviors or the workplace health environment, results confirmed the pressing need to focus on the health of child care workers. Future interventions should focus on prevalent health issues (e.g., weight, stress), include both high-tech and high-touch intervention strategies, and address work conditions or other social determinants of health (e.g. wages) as a means of improving the health of these essential workers. TRIAL REGISTRATION Care2BWell: Worksite Wellness for Child Care (NCT02381938).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Linnan
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7440, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-7440, USA.
| | - Amber E Vaughn
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Falon T Smith
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Philip Westgate
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Heath, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Derek Hales
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gabriela Arandia
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7440, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-7440, USA
| | - Cody Neshteruk
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erik Willis
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dianne S Ward
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Register-Mihalik JK, Marshall SW, Kay MC, Kerr ZY, Peck KY, Houston MN, Linnan LA, Hennink-Kaminski H, Gildner P, Svoboda SJ, Cameron KL. Perceived social norms and concussion-disclosure behaviours among first-year NCAA student-athletes: implications for concussion prevention and education. Res Sports Med 2020; 29:1-11. [PMID: 31984812 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2020.1719493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Timely disclosure and identification of concussion symptoms are essential to proper care. Perceived social norms are a potential driving factor in many health-related decisions. The study purpose was to describe concussion disclosure behaviours and identify the association between perceived social norms and these disclosure behaviours. First-year student-athletes (n = 391) at two NCAA institutions completed a cross-sectional survey about concussion disclosure and disclosure determinants. Log-binomial regression models identified factors associated with concussion disclosure behaviour prevalence for: higher intention to disclose symptoms, disclosed all at time of injury, eventually disclosed all, and never participated with concussion symptoms. More favourable perceived social norms were associated with higher prevalence of intention to disclose (PR = 1.34; 95%CI: 1.18, 1.53) and higher prevalence of never participating in sports with concussion symptoms (PR = 1.50; 95%CI: 1.07, 2.10). Clinicians, coaches, sports administrators, and healthcare practitioners should be mindful of the need to create supportive social environments to improve concussion symptom disclosure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johna K Register-Mihalik
- Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephen W Marshall
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Melissa C Kay
- Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,School of Health Professions, University of Southern Mississippi , Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Zachary Y Kerr
- Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Karen Y Peck
- John A. Feagin Jr. Sports Medicine Fellowship, Keller Army Hospital , West Point, NY, USA
| | - Megan N Houston
- John A. Feagin Jr. Sports Medicine Fellowship, Keller Army Hospital , West Point, NY, USA
| | - Laura A Linnan
- Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Heidi Hennink-Kaminski
- School of Media and Journalism, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paula Gildner
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Steven J Svoboda
- John A. Feagin Jr. Sports Medicine Fellowship, Keller Army Hospital , West Point, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth L Cameron
- John A. Feagin Jr. Sports Medicine Fellowship, Keller Army Hospital , West Point, NY, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Linnan
- Laura A. Linnan is with the Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill
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Abstract
PURPOSE To provide a nationally representative snapshot of workplace health promotion (WHP) and protection practices among United States worksites. DESIGN Cross-sectional, self-report Workplace Health in America (WHA) Survey between November 2016 and September 2017. SETTING National. PARTICIPANTS Random sample of US worksites with ≥10 employees, stratified by region, size, and North American Industrial Classification System sector. MEASURES Workplace health promotion programs, program administration, evidence-based strategies, health screenings, disease management, incentives, work-life policies, implementation barriers, and occupational safety and health (OSH). ANALYSIS Descriptive statistics, t tests, and logistic regression. RESULTS Among eligible worksites, 10.1% (n = 3109) responded, 2843 retained in final sample, and 46.1% offered some type of WHP program. The proportion of comparable worksites with comprehensive programs (as defined in Healthy People 2010) rose from 6.9% in 2004 to 17.1% in 2017 ( P < .001). Occupational safety and health programs were more prevalent than WHP programs, and 83.5% of all worksites had an individual responsible for employee safety, while only 72.2% of those with a WHP program had an individual responsible for it. Smaller worksites were less likely than larger to offer most programs. CONCLUSION The prevalence of WHP programs has increased but remains low across most health programs; few worksites have comprehensive programs. Smaller worksites have persistent deficits and require targeted approaches; integrated OSH and WHP efforts may help. Ongoing monitoring using the WHA Survey benchmarks OSH and WHP in US worksites, updates estimates from previous surveys, and identifies gaps in research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Linnan
- Department of Health Behavior, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Laurie Cluff
- Social Policy, Health, & Economics Research Unit, RTI International, HollySprings, NC, USA
| | - Jason E. Lang
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Penne
- Behavioral Statistics Program, RTI International, Holly Springs, NC, USA
| | - Maija S. Leff
- Department of Health Behavior, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Linnan LA, Leff MS, Martini MC, Walton AL, Baron S, Hannon PA, Abraham J, Studer M. Workplace health promotion and safety in state and territorial health departments in the United States: a national mixed-methods study of activity, capacity, and growth opportunities. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:291. [PMID: 30866884 PMCID: PMC6417036 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6575-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND State and Territorial Health Departments (SHDs) have a unique role in protecting and promoting workers' health. This mixed-methods study presents the first systematic investigation of SHDs' activities and capacity in both Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) and Workplace Health Promotion (WHP) in the United States (US). METHODS National survey of OSH and WHP practitioners from each of 56 SHDs, followed by in-depth interviews with a subset of survey respondents. We calculated descriptive statistics for survey variables and conducted conventional content analysis of interviews. RESULTS Seventy percent (n = 39) of OSH and 71% (n = 40) of WHP contacts responded to the survey. Twenty-seven (n = 14 OSH, n = 13 WHP) participated in follow-up interviews. Despite limited funding, staffing, or organizational support, SHDs reported a wide array of activities. We assessed OSH and WHP surveillance activities, support that SHDs provided to employers to implement OSH and WHP interventions (implementation support), OSH and WHP services provided directly to workers, OSH follow-back investigations, and OSH standard and policy development. Each of the categories we asked about (excluding OSH standard and policy development) were performed by more than half of responding SHDs. Surveillance was the area of greatest OSH activity, while implementation support was the area of greatest WHP activity. Respondents characterized their overall capacity as low. Thirty percent (n = 9) of WHP and 19% (n = 6) of OSH respondents reported no funds at all for OSH/WHP work, and both groups reported a median 1.0 FTEs working on OSH/WHP at the SHD. Organizational support for OSH and WHP was characterized as "low" to "moderate". To increase SHDs' capacity for OSH and WHP, interview respondents recommended that OSH and WHP approaches be better integrated into other public health initiatives (e.g., infectious disease prevention), and that federal funding for OSH and WHP increase. They also discussed specific recommendations for improving the accessibility and utility of existing funding mechanisms, and the educational resources they desired from the CDC. CONCLUSIONS Results revealed current activities and specific strategies for increasing capacity of SHDs to promote the safety and health of workers and workplaces - an important public health setting for reducing acute injury and chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Linnan
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 M.L.K. Jr Blvd, CB#7426, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA. .,Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB# 7440, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Maija S Leff
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 M.L.K. Jr Blvd, CB#7426, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA.,Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB# 7440, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Marisa C Martini
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB# 7440, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - AnnMarie L Walton
- Health Systems and Analytics Division, School of Nursing, Duke University, 307 Trent Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Sherry Baron
- Barry Commoner Center for Health and the Environment, Queens College, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA
| | - Peggy A Hannon
- Health Promotion Research Center, Department of Health Services, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 1107 NE 45th St., Suite 400, Box 354804, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Jean Abraham
- Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St. SE, MMC 729, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Melanie Studer
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB #7411, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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Register-Mihalik JK, Cameron KL, Kay MC, Kerr ZY, Peck KY, Houston MN, Linnan LA, Hennink-Kaminski H, Gildner P, Svoboda SJ, Marshall SW. Determinants of intention to disclose concussion symptoms in a population of U.S. military cadets. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 22:509-515. [PMID: 30551922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Non-disclosure of concussion complicates concussion management, but almost nothing is known about non-disclosure in military settings. This study describes concussion disclosure-related knowledge, attitudes, perceived social norms, perceived control, and intention. Additionally, the study identifies determinants of high intention to disclose concussion symptoms. DESIGN Cross sectional survey. METHODS First-year service academy cadets completed a cross-sectional survey to assess perceptions of concussion disclosure. Independent variables included: gender, race, ethnicity, high school athlete status, NCAA athlete status, previous concussion history, previous concussion education, socioeconomic proxy, concussion-related knowledge, attitudes about concussion, perceived social norms (perceived peer/organizational support and actions), and perceived control over disclosure. Log-binomial regression was used to identify determinants of high intention to disclose concussion symptoms. RESULTS A total of 972 first-year military service academy cadets completed the survey [85% response; age=18.4±0.9y]. In the simple models, previous concussion history was associated with lower intention to disclose concussion symptoms. High perceived control over disclosure, higher concussion knowledge, more favorable attitudes and social norms about concussion were associated with high intention to disclose. In the multivariable model, a 10% shift towards more favorable perceived social norms (PR=1.28; p<0.001) and attitudes (PR=1.07; p=0.05) about concussion were associated with high intention to disclose concussion symptoms. High perceived control over disclosure was associated with high intention to disclose concussion symptoms (PR=1.39; p=0.08). CONCLUSIONS Concussion-related perceived social norms, attitudes, and perceived control are associated with intention to disclose. Organizationally appropriate intervention strategies can be developed from these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johna K Register-Mihalik
- Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA; Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.
| | - Kenneth L Cameron
- John A. Feagin Jr. Sports Medicine Fellowship, Keller Army Hospital, USA
| | - Melissa C Kay
- Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA; Curriculum in Human Movement Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Zachary Y Kerr
- Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA; Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Karen Y Peck
- John A. Feagin Jr. Sports Medicine Fellowship, Keller Army Hospital, USA
| | - Megan N Houston
- John A. Feagin Jr. Sports Medicine Fellowship, Keller Army Hospital, USA
| | - Laura A Linnan
- Department of Health Behavior, Curriculum in Human Movement Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Heidi Hennink-Kaminski
- School of Media and Journalism, Curriculum in Human Movement Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Paula Gildner
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Steven J Svoboda
- John A. Feagin Jr. Sports Medicine Fellowship, Keller Army Hospital, USA
| | - Stephen W Marshall
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Curriculum in Human Movement Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
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Register-Mihalik JK, Williams RM, Marshall SW, Linnan LA, Mihalik JP, Guskiewicz KM, McLeod TCV. Demographic, Parental, and Personal Factors and Youth Athletes' Concussion-Related Knowledge and Beliefs. J Athl Train 2018; 53:768-775. [PMID: 30198745 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-223-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT: Currently, significant attention is focused on improving care for patients with concussions through legislative mandates that include educational interventions. Few researchers have examined young athletes' concussion knowledge and the factors that may influence their knowledge. OBJECTIVE: To use the socioecological model to examine demographic, parental, and personal factors associated with youth athletes' knowledge of concussion. Our ultimate goal is to inform the planning and implementation of youth sport concussion-related interventions. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Gymnasium and classroom. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: North Carolina and Arizona youth athletes (n = 225; age = 8 to 15 years) active in football, boys' or girls' soccer, boys' or girls' ice hockey, or boys' or girls' lacrosse in 2012-2013. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Participants completed a validated, self-administered survey. The intention and belief measures were guided by the theory of planned behavior. Perceptions of concussion and intention to seek care were examined using descriptive statistics. Athletes' concussion knowledge was modeled using linear regressions and generalized estimating equations, with child demographic and personal factors and parental knowledge and attitudes about concussion as predictors. RESULTS: Geography, sport, parental attitudes toward concussion, and athlete age were associated with athlete knowledge in the univariable analyses ( P < .10). In the multivariable model, geographic location (North Carolina versus Arizona, mean difference [MD] = 2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1, 3.2), sport (girls' soccer versus girls' lacrosse, MD = 2.2, 95% CI = 0.7, 3.6), more favorable parental attitudes toward concussion (MD = 1.2 for a 2-standard deviation shift; 95% CI = 0.3, 2.1), and older age (>12 years, MD = 1.6; 95% CI = 0.5, 2.6) were associated with better knowledge about concussion. CONCLUSIONS: Geographic location, sport, parental attitudes about concussion, and athlete's age influenced athletes' concussion-related perceptions, indicating the need to address multiple levels of the socioecological model when targeting youth sport interventions. Parental interventions that translate to an improved culture of youth sport by improving youth athletes' perceptions and experiences are key areas for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johna K Register-Mihalik
- Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Injury Prevention Research Center, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | - Stephen W Marshall
- Injury Prevention Research Center, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Laura A Linnan
- Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Jason P Mihalik
- Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Kevin M Guskiewicz
- Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Tamara C Valovich McLeod
- Athletic Training Programs, A.T. Still University, Mesa.,School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona, A.T. Still University, Mesa
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Arandia G, Vaughn AE, Bateman LA, Ward DS, Linnan LA. Development of a Workplace Intervention for Child Care Staff: Caring and Reaching for Health's (CARE) Healthy Lifestyles Intervention. Health Promot Pract 2018; 21:277-287. [PMID: 30033775 DOI: 10.1177/1524839918786214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Child care staff are among the lowest wage workers, a group at increased risk for a wide array of chronic diseases. To date, the health of child care staff has been largely ignored, and there have been very few interventions designed for child care staff. This article describes the development of the Caring and Reaching for Health (CARE) Healthy Lifestyles intervention, a workplace intervention aimed at improving physical activity and health behaviors among child care staff. Theory and evidence-based behavior change techniques informed the development of intervention components with targets at multiple social ecological levels. Final intervention components included an educational workshop held at a kick-off event, followed by three 8-week campaigns. Intervention components within each campaign included (1) an informational magazine, (2) goal setting and weekly behavior self-monitoring, (3) weekly tailored feedback, (4) e-mail/text prompts, (5) center-level displays that encouraged team-based goals and activities, and (6) coaching for center directors. This multilevel, theory-driven intervention is currently being evaluated as part of a larger randomized controlled trial. Process evaluation efforts will assess the extent to which child care staff participated in, engaged with, and were satisfied with the intervention. Lessons learned will guide future intervention research engaging child care workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Arandia
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amber E Vaughn
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lori A Bateman
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dianne S Ward
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Laura A Linnan
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Arandia G, Hargrove JL, Shubert TE, Bangdiwala SI, Linnan LA. Feasibility of Assessing Falls Risk and Promoting Falls Prevention in Beauty Salons. J Prim Prev 2018; 38:567-581. [PMID: 28900848 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-017-0486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Abstract
Falls are a major public health risk and a leading cause of emergency room visits for people of all ages. Finding ways to increase access to information and evidence-based falls prevention strategies is critically important across the lifespan. We tested the feasibility of conducting a falls risk assessment and awareness program among customers who attend beauty salons. We enrolled 78 customers from 2 beauty salons who completed a written questionnaire as well as several biometric and functional balance tests designed to assess falls risk. On average, enrolled participants were 56 years of age (range: 19-90), female (n = 70, 91%), and Black (n = 47, 62%). Eleven percent of enrolled customers were classified as at high risk of falls because they had reported two or more falls in the last 6 months. We found that younger age, higher education, employment, moderate physical activity, and decreased frequency of salon visits were associated with fewer falls. Results demonstrated initial interest in, and the feasibility of recruiting and enrolling customers into a beauty salon-based falls risk assessment and awareness program. Beauty salons, which are in all communities, represent an innovative setting for reaching people of all ages with life-saving falls prevention information and services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Arandia
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Rosenau Hall, CB# 7440, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7440, USA
| | - Jennifer L Hargrove
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Rosenau Hall, CB# 7440, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7440, USA
| | - Tiffany E Shubert
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Department #4985, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, CB #7426, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7426, USA
| | - Shrikant I Bangdiwala
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, 137 E. Franklin St. Suite 203, Campus Box 8030, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514-4145, USA
| | - Laura A Linnan
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, 307 Rosenau Hall, CB# 7440, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7440, USA.
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Register-Mihalik JK, Cameron KL, Linnan LA, Kay MC, Houston MN, Peck KY, Hennink- Kaminski HJ, Svoboda SJ, Gildner P, Kerr ZY, Guskiewicz KM, Marshall SW. Factors Associated with Intention to Disclose Concussive Symptoms among Service Academy Cadets. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000538723.96055.a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ward DS, Vaughn AE, Hales D, Viera AJ, Gizlice Z, Bateman LA, Grummon AH, Arandia G, Linnan LA. Workplace health and safety intervention for child care staff: Rationale, design, and baseline results from the CARE cluster randomized control trial. Contemp Clin Trials 2018; 68:116-126. [PMID: 29501740 PMCID: PMC5944351 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Low-wage workers suffer disproportionately high rates of chronic disease and are important targets for workplace health and safety interventions. Child care centers offer an ideal opportunity to reach some of the lowest paid workers, but these settings have been ignored in workplace intervention studies. Methods Caring and Reaching for Health (CARE) is a cluster-randomized controlled trial evaluating efficacy of a multi-level, workplace-based intervention set in child care centers that promotes physical activity and other health behaviors among staff. Centers are randomized (1:1) into the Healthy Lifestyles (intervention) or the Healthy Finances (attention control) program. Healthy Lifestyles is delivered over six months including a kick-off event and three 8-week health campaigns (magazines, goal setting, behavior monitoring, tailored feedback, prompts, center displays, director coaching). The primary outcome is minutes of moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA); secondary outcomes are health behaviors (diet, smoking, sleep, stress), physical assessments (body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure, fitness), and workplace supports for health and safety. Results In total, 56 centers and 553 participants have been recruited and randomized. Participants are predominately female (96.7%) and either Non-Hispanic African American (51.6%) or Non-Hispanic White (36.7%). Most participants (63.4%) are obese. They accumulate 17.4 ( ± 14.2) minutes/day of MVPA and consume 1.3 ( ± 1.4) and 1.3 ( ± 0.8) servings/day of fruits and vegetables, respectively. Also, 14.2% are smokers; they report 6.4 ( ± 1.4) hours/night of sleep; and 34.9% are high risk for depression. Conclusions Baseline data demonstrate several serious health risks, confirming the importance of workplace interventions in child care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne S Ward
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 245 Rosenau Hall, CB 7461, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7461, USA; Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 Martin L. King Jr. Blvd., Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7426, USA.
| | - Amber E Vaughn
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 Martin L. King Jr. Blvd., Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7426, USA.
| | - Derek Hales
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 245 Rosenau Hall, CB 7461, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7461, USA; Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 Martin L. King Jr. Blvd., Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7426, USA.
| | - Anthony J Viera
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 590 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Ziya Gizlice
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 Martin L. King Jr. Blvd., Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7426, USA.
| | - Lori A Bateman
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 Martin L. King Jr. Blvd., Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7426, USA.
| | - Anna H Grummon
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 302 Rosenau Hall, CB 7440, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7440, USA.
| | - Gabriela Arandia
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 302 Rosenau Hall, CB 7440, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7440, USA.
| | - Laura A Linnan
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 302 Rosenau Hall, CB 7440, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7440, USA.
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Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to identify and characterize patterns of physical activity among office workers employed in largely sedentary occupations at a major health insurer located in the Southeastern USA.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors used latent class analysis to identify segments of office workers (n=239) based on their self-reported activities of daily living and exercise behaviors. The authors examined the association of demographic characteristics with segment membership, and differences in accelerometer-measured weekly minutes of light and moderate-vigorous physical activity across segments.
Findings
The authors identified two segments and labeled them “exerciser” and “non-exerciser.” Being female was associated with lower odds of membership in the “exerciser” segment (OR=0.18; 95% CI=0.06, 0.52), while those with at least a bachelor’s degree were more likely to be in the “exerciser” segment (OR=2.12; 95% CI=1.02, 4.40). Mean minutes of moderate-vigorous physical activity per week were greater for the “exerciser” segment than the “non-exerciser” segment.
Practical implications
Based on this sample, the authors found that office workers in sedentary occupations were roughly equally divided and distinguished by their engagement in exercise-type behaviors. The findings underscore the need for innovative workplace programming that enhances activity opportunities particularly for those that are not likely to exercise.
Originality/value
A scarcity of research on activity patterns among office workers inhibits development of targeted worksite activity programming. The present research reveals two segments of workers with regard to their activity patterns and suggests ways for worksites to meet their unique needs.
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Linnan LA, Arandia G, Naseer C, Li J, Pomerantz M, Diehl SJ. Assessing Opportunities to Enhance Comprehensive Health Promotion and Wellness Programming in a State Community College System. N C Med J 2017; 78:296-303. [PMID: 28963261 DOI: 10.18043/ncm.78.5.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND North Carolina has the third largest community college system in the nation and reaches residents in all 100 counties. Few studies have focused on the health of employees who work at these institutions. We assessed the current status of and interest in supporting health promotion efforts among North Carolina Community College System members.METHODS North Carolina Community College System presidents completed a brief 15-item survey assessing support for and interest in offering health promotion programs. Wellness coordinators completed a 60-item questionnaire assessing current health promotion programming and organizational, environmental, and policy supports for health promotion efforts. Onsite interviews with a sub-sample of Wellness coordinators offered insights into important implementation considerations. We examined differences by campus size with Fisher's exact test.RESULTS All 58 presidents (100%) and 51 wellness coordinators (88%) completed surveys. Ten percent of colleges offered comprehensive employee health promotion programming. Most offered physical activity (70.6%), tobacco cessation (51.0%), weight loss/management (49.0%), and/or nutrition counseling (47.1%). Larger colleges were more likely to offer programming and environmental support. Nearly all presidents (89.7%) believed it is "very" or "extremely" important to offer health promotion programs to employees, and most (84%) were interested in promoting health through a university partnership.LIMITATIONS Despite very high survey response rates from presidents and wellness coordinators at each community college, onsite interviews were only done at select campuses, limiting the generalizability and scope of conclusions derived from interview data.CONCLUSION Community colleges in North Carolina are promising settings for promoting employee health. Findings identify resources, barriers, and technical assistance that could facilitate greater adoption and implementation of programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Linnan
- professor, Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Gabriela Arandia
- doctoral candidate, Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Carolyn Naseer
- project director (past), Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jiang Li
- post-doctoral fellow, Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute, Palo Alto, California
| | - Meg Pomerantz
- project director (past), Carolina Collaborative for Research on Work and Health, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sandra J Diehl
- research associate, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Comello MLG, Qian X, Deal AM, Ribisl KM, Linnan LA, Tate DF. Acknowledgment Correction of: Impact of Game-Inspired Infographics on User Engagement and Information Processing in an eHealth Program. J Med Internet Res 2017; 19:e12. [PMID: 30578193 PMCID: PMC6304218 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.7104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Leonora G Comello
- School of Media and Journalism, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Xiaokun Qian
- School of Media and Journalism, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Allison M Deal
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kurt M Ribisl
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Laura A Linnan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Deborah F Tate
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Comello MLG, Qian X, Deal AM, Ribisl KM, Linnan LA, Tate DF. Impact of Game-Inspired Infographics on User Engagement and Information Processing in an eHealth Program. J Med Internet Res 2016; 18:e237. [PMID: 27658469 PMCID: PMC5054233 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.5976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Online interventions providing individual health behavior assessment should deliver feedback in a way that is both understandable and engaging. This study focused on the potential for infographics inspired by the aesthetics of game design to contribute to these goals. Objective We conducted formative research to test game-inspired infographics against more traditional displays (eg, text-only, column chart) for conveying a behavioral goal and an individual’s behavior relative to the goal. We explored the extent to which the display type would influence levels of engagement and information processing. Methods Between-participants experiments compared game-inspired infographics with traditional formats in terms of outcomes related to information processing (eg, comprehension, cognitive load) and engagement (eg, attitudes toward the information, emotional tone). We randomly assigned participants (N=1162) to an experiment in 1 of 6 modules (tobacco use, alcohol use, vegetable consumption, fruit consumption, physical activity, and weight management). Results In the tobacco module, a game-inspired format (scorecard) was compared with text-only; there were no differences in attitudes and emotional tone, but the scorecard outperformed text-only on comprehension (P=.004) and decreased cognitive load (P=.006). For the other behaviors, we tested 2 game-inspired formats (scorecard, progress bar) and a traditional column chart; there were no differences in comprehension, but the progress bar outperformed the other formats on attitudes and emotional tone (P<.001 for all contrasts). Conclusions Across modules, a game-inspired infographic showed potential to outperform a traditional format for some study outcomes while not underperforming on other outcomes. Overall, findings support the use of game-inspired infographics in behavioral assessment feedback to enhance comprehension and engagement, which may lead to greater behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Leonora G Comello
- School of Media and Journalism, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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Linnan LA, Sterba KR, Lee AM, Bontempi JB, Yang J, Crump C. Planning and the Professional Preparation of Health Educators: Implications for Teaching, Research, and Practice. Health Promot Pract 2016; 6:308-19. [PMID: 16020625 DOI: 10.1177/1524839903260946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Planning skills are one of the seven essential responsibilities of health educators, according to the National Commission of Health Education Credentialing program; yet little information is available about who provides training in planning, what type of training is offered, and what planning models are taught. A survey of 253 accredited graduate and undergraduate health education programs (response rate = 56%) was undertaken to gather information about planning and the professional preparation of health educators. Results revealed that planning instructors were primarily full-time, experienced, and about one half were CHES certified. Overall, 88% (113/129) of respondents taught the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, and 62% (81/131) taught the planned approach to community health (PATCH) model. Few planning differences were found at the graduate and undergraduate levels. Content analysis of 56 course syllabi revealed that 80% (45/56) required students to complete a program plan proposal or document as the culminating project for the course. Implications for teaching, research, and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Linnan
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, The School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA.
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Sanchez-Flack JC, Baquero B, Linnan LA, Gittelsohn J, Pickrel JL, Ayala GX. What influences Latino grocery shopping behavior? Perspectives on the small food store environment from managers and employees in San Diego, California. Ecol Food Nutr 2016; 55:163-81. [PMID: 26800243 DOI: 10.1080/03670244.2015.1112282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
To inform the design of a multilevel in-store intervention, this qualitative study utilized in-depth semistructured interviews with 28 managers and 10 employees of small-to-medium-sized Latino food stores (tiendas) in San Diego, California, to identify factors within the tienda that may influence Latino customers' grocery-shopping experiences and behaviors. Qualitative data analysis, guided by grounded theory, was performed using open coding. Results suggest that future interventions should focus on the physical (i.e., built structures) and social (i.e., economic and sociocultural) dimensions of store environments, including areas where the two dimensions interact, to promote the purchase of healthy food among customers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Sanchez-Flack
- a San Diego State University-University of California at San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Health Behavior , San Diego , California , USA.,b Institute for Behavioral and Community Health , San Diego , California , USA
| | - Barbara Baquero
- c University of Iowa , College of Public Health, Community & Behavioral Health , Iowa City , Iowa , USA
| | - Laura A Linnan
- d University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Health Behavior , Chapel Hill , North Carolina , USA
| | - Joel Gittelsohn
- e Center for Human Nutrition and Global Obesity Prevention Center, Department of International Health , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Julie L Pickrel
- b Institute for Behavioral and Community Health , San Diego , California , USA
| | - Guadalupe X Ayala
- b Institute for Behavioral and Community Health , San Diego , California , USA.,f San Diego State University , College of Health & Human Services , San Diego , California , USA
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26
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Register-Mihalik JK, Valovich McLeod TC, Williams RM, Linnan LA, Mihalik JP, Marshall SW, Guskiewicz KM. Concussion Education Video Exposure Does Not Significantly Improve Youth Athlete Concussion Knowledge. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000466124.60331.ec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Allen JD, Torres MI, Tom LS, Rustan S, Leyva B, Negron R, Linnan LA, Jandorf L, Ospino H. Enhancing organizational capacity to provide cancer control programs among Latino churches: design and baseline findings of the CRUZA Study. BMC Health Serv Res 2015; 15:147. [PMID: 25889628 PMCID: PMC4427966 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-015-0735-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Faith-based organizations (FBOs) have been successful in delivering health promotion programs for African Americans, though few studies have been conducted among Latinos. Even fewer have focused on organizational change, which is required to sustain community-based initiatives. We hypothesized that FBOs serving Latinos would be more likely to offer evidence-based strategies (EBS) for cancer control after receiving a capacity enhancement intervention to implement health programs, and designed the CRUZA trial to test this hypothesis. This paper describes the CRUZA design and baseline findings. Methods We identified Catholic parishes in Massachusetts that provided Spanish-language mass (n = 65). A baseline survey assessed organizational characteristics relevant to adoption of health programs, including readiness for adoption, “fit” between innovation and organizational mission, implementation climate, and organizational culture. In the next study phase, parishes that completed the baseline assessment will be recruited to a randomized cluster trial, with the parish as the unit of analysis. Both groups will receive a Program Manual and Toolkit. Capacity Enhancement parishes will also be offered technical support, assistance forming health committees and building inter-institutional partnerships, and skills-based training. Results Of the 49 parishes surveyed at baseline (75%), one-third (33%) reported having provided at least one health program in the prior year. However, only two program offerings were cancer-specific. Nearly one-fifth (18%) had an active health ministry. There was a high level of organizational readiness to adopt cancer control programs, high congruence between parish missions and CRUZA objectives, moderately conducive implementation climates, and organizational cultures supportive of CRUZA programming. Having an existing health ministry was significantly associated with having offered health programs within the past year. Relationships between health program offerings and other organizational characteristics were not statistically significant. Conclusions Findings suggest that many parishes do not offer cancer control programs, yet many may be ready to do so. However, the perceptions about existing organizational practices and policies may not be conducive to program initiation. A capacity enhancement intervention may hold promise as a means of increasing health programming. The efficacy of such an intervention will be tested in phase two of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Allen
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University, 112 Packard Ave, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
| | - Maria Idali Torres
- Mauricio Gaston Institute for Latino Community Development and PublicPolicy, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Laura S Tom
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sarah Rustan
- Mauricio Gaston Institute for Latino Community Development and PublicPolicy, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Bryan Leyva
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Rosalyn Negron
- Mauricio Gaston Institute for Latino Community Development and PublicPolicy, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Laura A Linnan
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Lina Jandorf
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Harden SM, You W, Almeida FA, Hill JL, Linnan LA, Allen KC, Estabrooks PA. Does Successful Weight Loss in an Internet-Based Worksite Weight Loss Program Improve Employee Presenteeism and Absenteeism? Health Educ Behav 2015; 42:769-74. [PMID: 25842385 DOI: 10.1177/1090198115578751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Certain risk factors associated with overweight and obesity may lead to reduced productivity in the workforce (i.e., increased absenteeism and presenteeism). Participants in a large, Internet-based worksite weight loss intervention, who were present at follow-up (N = 1,030), completed a self-reported productivity measure (World Health Organization's Health and Work Performance Questionnaire) at baseline and postintervention. Twenty-two percent of the participants lost a clinically meaningful amount of weight (≥5% weight loss). There were no statistically significant (p < .05) relationships between weight change from baseline to 12 months and change scores of absolute or relative absenteeism or for absolute or relative presenteeism. Within a modestly successful Internet-based, worksite weight loss intervention, weight loss did not improve self-reported absenteeism or presenteeism. Further studies are needed to explore the sensitivity of the World Health Organization's Health and Work Performance Questionnaire and the long-term effects of weight loss on productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wen You
- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Fabio A Almeida
- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Kacie C Allen
- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul A Estabrooks
- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, VA, USA
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Almeida FA, You W, Harden SM, Blackman KCA, Davy BM, Glasgow RE, Hill JL, Linnan LA, Wall SS, Yenerall J, Zoellner JM, Estabrooks PA. Effectiveness of a worksite-based weight loss randomized controlled trial: the worksite study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:737-45. [PMID: 25678325 PMCID: PMC4380658 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness of an individually targeted Internet-based intervention with monetary incentives (INCENT) at reducing weight of overweight and obese employees when compared with a less-intensive intervention (Livin' My Weigh [LMW]) 6 months after program initiation. METHODS Twenty-eight worksites were randomly assigned to either INCENT or LMW conditions. Both programs used evidence-based strategies to support weight loss. INCENT was delivered via daily e-mails over 12 months while LMW was delivered quarterly via both newsletters and on-site educational sessions. Generalized linear mixed models were conducted for weight change from baseline to 6 months post-program and using an intention-to-treat analysis to include all participants with baseline weight measurements. RESULTS Across 28 worksites, 1,790 employees (M = 47 years of age; 79% Caucasian; 74% women) participated. Participants lost an average of 2.27 lbs (P < 0.001) with a BMI decrease of 0.36 kg/m(2) (P < 0.001) and 1.30 lbs (P < 0.01) with a BMI decrease of 0.20 kg/m(2) (P < 0.01) in INCENT and LMW, respectively. The differences between INCENT and LMW in weight loss and BMI reduction were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that INCENT and a minimal intervention alternative may be effective approaches to help decrease the overall obesity burden within worksites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio A. Almeida
- Virginia Tech, Department of Human Nutrition, Foods & Exercise
- Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, Virginia Tech
| | - Wen You
- Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, Virginia Tech
- Virginia Tech, Department of Agriculture and Applied Economics
| | | | | | - Brenda M. Davy
- Virginia Tech, Department of Human Nutrition, Foods & Exercise
- Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, Virginia Tech
| | | | - Jennie L. Hill
- Virginia Tech, Department of Human Nutrition, Foods & Exercise
- Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, Virginia Tech
| | - Laura A. Linnan
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Sarah S. Wall
- Virginia Tech, Department of Human Nutrition, Foods & Exercise
- Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, Virginia Tech
| | | | - Jamie M. Zoellner
- Virginia Tech, Department of Human Nutrition, Foods & Exercise
- Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, Virginia Tech
| | - Paul A. Estabrooks
- Virginia Tech, Department of Human Nutrition, Foods & Exercise
- Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, Virginia Tech
- Carilion Clinic, Department of Family and Community Medicine
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Linnan LA, D'Angelo H, Harrington CB. A literature synthesis of health promotion research in salons and barbershops. Am J Prev Med 2014; 47:77-85. [PMID: 24768037 PMCID: PMC4517428 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Barbershops and beauty salons are located in all communities and frequented by diverse groups of people, making them key settings for addressing health disparities. No studies have reviewed the growing body of literature describing studies promoting health in these settings. This review summarized the literature related to promoting health within barbershops and beauty salons to inform future approaches that target diverse populations in similar settings. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We identified and reviewed published research articles describing formative research, recruitment, and health-related interventions set in beauty salons and barbershops. PubMed and other secondary search engines were searched in 2010 and again in 2013 for English-language papers indexed from 1990 through August 2013. The search yielded 113 articles, 71 of which were formerly reviewed, and 54 were eligible for inclusion. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Included articles were categorized as formative research (n=27); recruitment (n=7); or intervention (n=20). Formative research studies showed that owners, barbers/stylists, and their customers were willing participants, clarifying the feasibility of promoting health in these settings. Recruitment studies demonstrated that salon/shop owners will join research studies and can enroll customers. Among intervention studies, level of stylist/barber involvement was categorized. More than 73.3% of intervention studies demonstrated statistically significant results, targeted mostly racial/ethnic minority groups and focused on a variety of health topics. CONCLUSIONS Barbershops and beauty salons are promising settings for reaching populations most at risk for health disparities. Although these results are encouraging, more rigorous research and evaluation of future salon- and barbershop-based interventions are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Linnan
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Heather D'Angelo
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Cherise B Harrington
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, School of Public Health and Health Services, The George Washington University, Washington DC
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Abstract
Most American workplaces are smaller, with fewer than 1,000 employees. Many of these employees are low-wage earners and at increased risk for chronic diseases. Owing to the challenges smaller workplaces face to offering health-promotion programs, their employees often lack access to health-promotion opportunities available at larger workplaces. Many smaller employers do not offer health insurance, which is currently the major funding vehicle for health-promotion services. They also have few health-promotion vendors to serve them and low internal capacity for, and commitment to, delivery of on-site programs. The programs they offer, whether aimed at health promotion alone or integrated with health protection, are rarely comprehensive and are understudied. Research priorities for health promotion in smaller workplaces include developing programs feasible for the smallest workplaces with fewer than 20 employees. Policy priorities include incentives for smaller workplaces to implement comprehensive programs and an ongoing system for monitoring and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Harris
- Department of Health Services, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105; , ,
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Register-Mihalik JK, Guskiewicz KM, McLeod TCV, Linnan LA, Mueller FO, Marshall SW. Knowledge, attitude, and concussion-reporting behaviors among high school athletes: a preliminary study. J Athl Train 2013; 48:645-53. [PMID: 23848520 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-48.3.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Many athletes continue to participate in practices and games while experiencing concussion-related symptoms, potentially predisposing them to subsequent and more complicated brain injuries. Limited evidence exists about factors that may influence concussion-reporting behaviors. OBJECTIVE To examine the influence of knowledge and attitude on concussion-reporting behaviors in a sample of high school athletes. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Participants completed a validated survey instrument via mail. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 167 high school athletes (97 males, 55 females, 5 sex not indicated; age = 15.7 ± 1.4 years) participating in football, soccer, lacrosse, or cheerleading. INTERVENTION(S) Athlete knowledge and attitude scores served as separate predictor variables. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) We examined the proportion of athletes who reported continuing to participate in games and practices while symptomatic from possible concussion and the self-reported proportion of recalled concussion and bell-ringer events disclosed after possible concussive injury. RESULTS Only 40% of concussion events and 13% of bell-ringer recalled events in the sample were disclosed after possible concussive injury. Increased athlete knowledge of concussion topics (increase of 1 standard deviation = 2.8 points) was associated with increased reporting prevalence of concussion and bell-ringer events occurring in practice (prevalence ratio [PR] = 2.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.60, 3.21) and the reporting prevalence of bell-ringer-only events overall (PR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.38, 2.54). Athlete attitude scores (increase of 1 standard deviation = 11.5 points) were associated with decreases in the proportion of athletes stating they participated in games (PR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.66, 0.82) and practices (PR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.59, 0.77) while symptomatic from concussions. CONCLUSIONS Most recalled concussion events in our study were not reported to a supervising adult. Clinicians should be aware that knowledge and attitude influence concussion reporting. Clinicians and administrators should make concussion education a priority and encourage an optimal reporting environment to better manage and prevent concussive injuries in young athletes.
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Register-Mihalik JK, Linnan LA, Marshall SW, Valovich McLeod TC, Mueller FO, Guskiewicz KM. Using theory to understand high school aged athletes’ intentions to report sport-related concussion: Implications for concussion education initiatives. Brain Inj 2013; 27:878-86. [PMID: 23789865 DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2013.775508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johna K Register-Mihalik
- Clinical Research Unit, Emergency Services Institute, WakeMed Health and Hospitals, Raleigh, NC 27610, USA.
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Hall KL, Stipelman BA, Eddens KS, Kreuter MW, Bame SI, Meissner HI, Yabroff KR, Purnell JQ, Ferrer R, Ribisl KM, Glasgow R, Linnan LA, Taplin S, Fernández ME. Advancing collaborative research with 2-1-1 to reduce health disparities: challenges, opportunities, and recommendations. Am J Prev Med 2012; 43:S518-28. [PMID: 23157775 PMCID: PMC3993989 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kara L Hall
- Science of Research and Technology Branch, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Linnan
- Department of Health Behavior, The University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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Crane MM, Tate DF, Finkelstein EA, Linnan LA. Motivation for participating in a weight loss program and financial incentives: an analysis from a randomized trial. J Obes 2012; 2012:290589. [PMID: 22577524 PMCID: PMC3345232 DOI: 10.1155/2012/290589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This analysis investigated if changes in autonomous or controlled motivation for participation in a weight loss program differed between individuals offered a financial incentive for weight loss compared to individuals not offered an incentive. Additionally, the same relationships were tested among those who lost weight and either received or did not receive an incentive. This analysis used data from a year-long randomized worksite weight loss program that randomly assigned employees in each worksite to either a low-intensity weight loss program or the same program plus small financial incentives for weight loss ($5.00 per percentage of initial weight lost). There were no differences in changes between groups on motivation during the study, however, increases in autonomous motivation were consistently associated with greater weight losses. This suggests that the small incentives used in this program did not lead to increases in controlled motivation nor did they undermine autonomous motivation. Future studies are needed to evaluate the magnitude and timing of incentives to more fully understand the relationship between incentives and motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M. Crane
- Department of Health Behavior, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, Campus Box 7294, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
- *Melissa M. Crane:
| | - Deborah F. Tate
- Departments of Health Behavior and Nutrition, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, Campus Box 7294, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | | | - Laura A. Linnan
- Department of Health Behavior, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, Campus Box 7294, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
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You W, Almeida FA, Zoellner JM, Hill JL, Pinard CA, Allen KC, Glasgow RE, Linnan LA, Estabrooks PA. Who participates in internet-based worksite weight loss programs? BMC Public Health 2011; 11:709. [PMID: 21933429 PMCID: PMC3190353 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reach and representativeness are seldom examined in worksite weight loss studies. This paper describes and illustrates a method for directly assessing the reach and representativeness of a internet-based worksite weight loss program. METHODS A brief health survey (BHS) was administered, between January 2008 and November 2009, to employees at 19 worksites in Southwest Virginia. The BHS included demographic, behavioral, and health questions. All employees were blinded to the existence of a future weight loss program until the completion of the BHS. RESULTS The BHS has a participation rate of 66 percent and the subsequent weight loss program has a participation rate of 30 percent. Employees from higher income households, with higher education levels and health literacy proficiency were significantly more likely to participate in the program (p's < .01). CONCLUSIONS Worksite weight loss programs should include targeted marketing strategies to engage employees with lower income, education, and health literacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen You
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Dept of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Fabio A Almeida
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Dept of Human Nutrition Foods, & Exercise, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Jamie M Zoellner
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Dept of Human Nutrition Foods, & Exercise, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Jennie L Hill
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Dept of Human Nutrition Foods, & Exercise, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Kacie C Allen
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Dept of Human Nutrition Foods, & Exercise, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Russell E Glasgow
- Dissemination and Implementation Science Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, NCI, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura A Linnan
- University of North Carolina, Dept of Health Behavior and Health Education, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul A Estabrooks
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Dept of Human Nutrition Foods, & Exercise, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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Reiter PL, Linnan LA. Cancer Screening Behaviors of African American Women Enrolled in a Community-Based Cancer Prevention Trial. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2011; 20:429-438. [PMID: 21332413 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2010.2245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: African American women have increased mortality rates for cervical, breast, and colorectal cancers, yet not all receive the recommended screening tests for these cancers. We characterized the cancer screening behaviors of African American women enrolled in a community-based cancer prevention trial. Methods: We examined cross-sectional data from 1123 African American customers aged ≥18 years from 37 beauty salons in North Carolina who completed the North Carolina BEAUTY and Health Project baseline survey. Mixed logistic regression models were used to identify correlates of receiving cervical, breast, and colorectal cancer screening tests within recommended screening guidelines. Results: Overall, 94% (1026 of 1089) of women aged ≥18 years reported receiving a Pap smear test within the last 3 years, 70% (298 of 425) of women aged ≥40 years reported receiving a mammography within the last year, and 64% (116 of 180) of women aged ≥50 years were considered to be within recommended screening guidelines for colorectal cancer. Age was correlated with recent Pap smear testing and mammography. Women who reported receiving a recent Pap smear test were more likely to report a mammogram in the last year, and women with a recent mammogram were more likely to be within recommended screening guidelines for colorectal cancer. Many women reported multiple barriers to getting recommended cancer screening tests. Conclusions: Almost all women reported receiving a Pap smear test within the last 3 years. Future interventions should focus on increasing breast and colorectal cancer screening among African American women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Reiter
- Gillings School of Global Public Health and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Linnan LA, Weiner BJ, Bowling JM, Bunger EM. Views about secondhand smoke and smoke-free policies among North Carolina restaurant owners before passage of a law to prohibit smoking. N C Med J 2010; 71:325-333. [PMID: 21140803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about secondhand smoke and smoke-free policies among North Carolina restaurant owners and managers before passage of House Bill 2, which prohibited smoking in most restaurants and bars. METHODS A random sample of North Carolina restaurants was selected to participate. A 15-minute telephone survey was completed by 523 restaurant owners and managers (one per participating restaurant) who spoke English and operated a restaurant that had seating for guests and was not a corporate headquarters for a restaurant chain (response rate, 36.7%). Bivariable analyses using chi2 tests of association were conducted. Multivariable modeling with logistic regression was used to examine relationships among several predictor variables and current smoking policies at participating restaurants, support among owners and managers for a statewide ban on smoking in restaurants, and beliefs among owners and managers about the economic impact of smoke-free policies. RESULTS Restaurant owners and managers were aware that secondhand smoke causes cancer and asthma (79% and 73% or respondents, respectively) but were less aware that it causes heart attacks (56%). Sixty-six percent of restaurants did not permit any smoking indoors. Sixty percent of owners and managers supported a statewide smoke-free law. Owners and managers who were current smokers, those who worked at a restaurant with an employee smoking prevalence of more than 25%, and those who worked in a restaurant without a 700% smoke-free policy were significantly less likely to support a statewide law requiring smoke-free public places. Only owner and manager smoking status and no current smoke-free indoor policy were significant independent predictors of the belief that instituting a smoke-free policy would have negative economic consequences for the restaurant. LIMITATIONS Although participating establishments were a representative sample of North Carolina restaurants, an overall survey response rate of 36.7% limits the generalizability of these findings. CONCLUSIONS Most North Carolina restaurant owners and managers in our sample had a smoke-free indoor policy and supported a law to make public places smoke-free. Results were used to strengthen interventions that create a safe and healthy environment for restaurant employees and customers, in anticipation of passage of House Bill 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Linnan
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.
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Linnan LA, Reiter PL, Duffy C, Hales D, Ward DS, Viera AJ. Assessing and promoting physical activity in African American barbershops: results of the FITStop pilot study. Am J Mens Health 2010; 5:38-46. [PMID: 20413387 DOI: 10.1177/1557988309360569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the feasibility of recruiting African American men in barbershops, assessing their physical activity, conducting physical measurements, and gauging their interest in barbershop-based health research. The authors recruited African American shop owners (n = 4), barbers (n = 6), and customers (n = 90) from four barbershops in Raleigh and Durham, North Carolina, during 2009. The participation levels were high among owners (100%), barbers (67%), and customers (81%). In addition to completing a self-administered survey, 57% (51/90) of the customers completed physical measurements. According to self-reported data, 34% (30/88) of the customers met national physical activity recommendations within the last week. Customers expressed moderately high interest in learning more about health at barbershops and joining a barbershop-based physical activity contest. The estimated recruiting cost per customer was $105.92. Barbershops offer an effective setting for recruiting African American men and conducting physical measurements as well as an interesting possible location for conducting future interventions.
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Linnan LA, Steckler A, Maman S, Ellenson M, French E, Blanchard L, Bowling M, Yamanis N, Succop S, Davenport A, Moracco B. Engaging key stakeholders to assess and improve the professional preparation of MPH health educators. Am J Public Health 2010; 100:1993-9. [PMID: 20395575 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2009.177709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We described the process of engaging key stakeholders in a systematic review of requirements for a master of public health (MPH) degree within the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, and summarized resulting changes. METHODS A benchmarking study of 11 peer institutions was completed. Key stakeholders (i.e., current students, alumni, faculty, staff, employers, and practicum preceptors) received online or print surveys. A faculty retreat was convened to process results and reach consensus on program revisions. RESULTS MPH program changes included (1) improved advising and mentoring program, (2) elimination of research and practice track options, (3) increased elective and decreased required credit hours, (4) replacement of master's paper requirement with "deliverables" (written products such as reports, documents, and forms) produced as part of the required "Capstone" course, (5) extended community field experience to 2 semesters and moved it to year 2 of the program, and (6) allowed practica of either 200, 300, or 400 hours. CONCLUSIONS Engaging key stakeholders in the program review process yielded important changes to the MPH degree program requirements. Others may consider this approach when undertaking curriculum reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Linnan
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Linnan LA. The business case for employee health: what we know and what we need to do. N C Med J 2010; 71:69-74. [PMID: 20369680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Linnan
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, USA.
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Weiner BJ, Lewis MA, Linnan LA. Using organization theory to understand the determinants of effective implementation of worksite health promotion programs. Health Educ Res 2009; 24:292-305. [PMID: 18469319 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyn019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The field of worksite health promotion has moved toward the development and testing of comprehensive programs that target health behaviors with interventions operating at multiple levels of influence. Yet, observational and process evaluation studies indicate that such programs are challenging for worksites to implement effectively. Research has identified several organizational factors that promote or inhibit effective implementation of comprehensive worksite health promotion programs. However, no integrated theory of implementation has emerged from this research. This article describes a theory of the organizational determinants of effective implementation of comprehensive worksite health promotion programs. The model is adapted from theory and research on the implementation of complex innovations in manufacturing, education and health care settings. The article uses the Working Well Trial to illustrate the model's theoretical constructs. Although the article focuses on comprehensive worksite health promotion programs, the conceptual model may also apply to other types of complex health promotion programs. An organization-level theory of the determinants of effective implementation of worksite health promotion programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J Weiner
- Department of Health Policy.dministration, CB 7411, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Finkelstein EA, Linnan LA, Tate DF, Birken BE. A Pilot Study Testing the Effect of Different Levels of Financial Incentives on Weight Loss Among Overweight Employees. J Occup Environ Med 2007; 49:981-9. [PMID: 17848854 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31813c6dcb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the ability of two levels of modest financial incentives to encourage weight loss among overweight employees. METHODS This study used a randomized design with measurements at baseline, 3, and 6 months and two levels of financial incentives ($7 and $14 per percentage point of weight lost). Payments were structured so that all participants had equal ability to obtain the incentives during the study period. RESULTS At 3 months, participants with no financial incentive lost 2 pounds, those in the $7 group lost approximately 3 pounds, and those in the $14 group lost 4.7 pounds. Between baseline and 6 months, when the financial gains were equalized, weight losses were similar across groups. CONCLUSION This study revealed that modest financial incentives can be effective in motivating overweight employees to lose weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Finkelstein
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Abstract
African American women suffer disproportionately from a wide range of health disparities. This article clarifies how beauty salons can be mobilized at all levels of the social-ecological framework to address disparities in health among African American women. The North Carolina BEAUTY and Health Project is a randomized, controlled intervention trial that takes into account the unique and multilevel features of the beauty salon setting with interventions that address owners, customers, stylists; interactions between customers and stylists; and the salon environment. The authors make explicit the role of the political economy of health theoretical perspective for understanding important factors (social, political, historical, and economic) that should be considered if the goal is to create successful, beauty-salon-based interventions. Despite some important challenges, the authors contend that beauty salons represent a promising setting for maximizing reach, reinforcement, and the impact of public health interventions aimed at addressing health disparities among African American women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Linnan
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Abstract
Managed care organizations represent an important venue for delivering health promotion programs. However, most health plans do not employ public health strategies that match peoples' needs and preferences to effective behavior change techniques. This article focuses on the planning efforts by Blue Cross and Blue Shield of North Carolina (BCBSNC) to address the problem of underutilization of preventive health care services among adult male members--an issue that has received comparatively little attention in the health behavior arena. BCBSNC planners used the PRECEDE planning process to define issues relevant to the target population and determine appropriate intervention strategies. Increasing perceived susceptibility and severity to disease, perceived benefits of screening, physician recommendation for screening, and health knowledge/awareness emerged as intervention priorities. The PRECEDE planning process yielded important evidence-based information and strategies to address men's underuse of preventive services and led BCBSNC to adopt new systems for planning interventions to promote the health of its members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret George Meador
- Quality Improvement Department, Blue Cross and Blue Shield of North Carolina, Durham, USA
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Linnan LA, Birken BE. Small businesses, worksite wellness, and public health: a time for action. N C Med J 2006; 67:433-7. [PMID: 17393706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Linnan
- School of Public Health, Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7440, USA.
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Birken BE, Linnan LA. Implementation challenges in worksite health promotion programs. N C Med J 2006; 67:438-41. [PMID: 17393707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Birken
- University Steering Committee for Worker Health, Safety and Wellness, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7426, USA.
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Easter MM, Linnan LA, Bentley ME, DeVellis BM, Meier A, Frasier PY, Kelsey KS, Campbell MK. “Una Mujer Trabaja Doble Aquí”: Vignette-Based Focus Groups on Stress and Work for Latina Blue-Collar Women in Eastern North Carolina. Health Promot Pract 2006; 8:41-9. [PMID: 16885510 DOI: 10.1177/1524839905278916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Latina women are a growing percentage of the working population, and very little is known about their health needs and interests. The purpose of this article is to share qualitative research results gathered from Latina women with a particular focus on exploring stress and health. This project was a substudy of Health Works in the Community, a 5-year CDC-funded multiple risk-factor reduction trial using participatory action research approaches to address smoking, healthy eating, stress, and physical activity among blue-collar women from 12 manufacturing work sites in rural, eastern North Carolina. Five focus groups were conducted with trained, bilingual facilitators using a vignettebased moderator guide that appeared particularly effective with this population. Results from the focus groups are used to make recommendations for future research with Latinas and for developing effective work-site-based interventions to address issues of stress and health within this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M Easter
- Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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