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Pezzani MD, Arieti F, Rajendran NB, Barana B, Cappelli E, De Rui ME, Galia L, Hassoun-Kheir N, Argante L, Schmidt J, Rodriguez-Bano J, Harbarth S, de Kraker M, Gladstone BP, Tacconelli E. Frequency of bloodstream infections caused by six key antibiotic-resistant pathogens for prioritization of research and discovery of new therapies in Europe: a systematic review. Clin Microbiol Infect 2024; 30 Suppl 1:S4-S13. [PMID: 38007387 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2023.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To prioritize healthcare investments, ranking of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria should be based on accurate incidence data. OBJECTIVES We performed a systematic review to estimate frequency measures of antimicrobial resistance for six key bacteria causing bloodstream infections (BSI) in European countries. DATA SOURCES We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase databases, and the ECRAID-Base Epidemiological-Network platform. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA We included studies and surveillance systems assessing resistance-percentage, prevalence, or incidence-density of BSI because of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli, third-generation cephalosporins-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. METHODS Reviewers independently assessed published data and evaluated study quality with the modified Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool. Pooled estimates were determined using random effects meta-analysis. Consistency of data was assessed using random effects meta-regression (Wald test, p > 0.05). RESULTS We identified 271 studies and 52 surveillance systems from 32 European countries. Forty-five studies (16%) reported on BSI, including 180 frequency measures most commonly as resistance-percentage (88, 48.9%). Among 309 frequency measures extracted from 24 (46%) surveillance systems, 278 (89%) were resistance-percentages. Frequency measures of methicillin-resistant S. aureus and vancomycin-resistant E. faecium BSI were more frequently reported from Southern Europe and Western Europe (80%), whereas carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa BSI from Northern Europe and Western Europe (88%). Highest resistance-percentages were detected for carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (66% in Central Eastern Europe) and carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (62.8% in Southern Europe). Pooled estimates showed lower resistance-percentages in community versus healthcare-associated infections and in children versus adults. Estimates from studies and surveillance systems were mostly consistent among European regions. The included data was of medium quality. DISCUSSION Pathogen-specific frequency measures of antimicrobial resistance in BSI are insufficient to inform antibiotic stewardship and research and development strategies. Improving data collection and standardization of frequency measures is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Diletta Pezzani
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Fabiana Arieti
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Nithya Babu Rajendran
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Benedetta Barana
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Eva Cappelli
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Elena De Rui
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Liliana Galia
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Nasreen Hassoun-Kheir
- Infection Control Program, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Argante
- Department of Bacterial Vaccine Epidemiology, GSK, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Jesus Rodriguez-Bano
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Seville, Spain; Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Division, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Sevilla/CSIC, Seville, Spain; CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephan Harbarth
- Infection Control Program, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marlieke de Kraker
- Infection Control Program, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Beryl Primrose Gladstone
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; DZIF-Clinical Research Unit, Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Evelina Tacconelli
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; DZIF-Clinical Research Unit, Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Babu Rajendran N, Arieti F, Mena-Benítez CA, Galia L, Tebon M, Alvarez J, Gladstone BP, Collineau L, De Angelis G, Duro R, Gaze W, Göpel S, Kanj SS, Käsbohrer A, Limmathurotsakul D, Lopez de Abechuco E, Mazzolini E, Mutters NT, Pezzani MD, Presterl E, Renk H, Rodríguez-Baño J, Săndulescu O, Scali F, Skov R, Velavan TP, Vuong C, Tacconelli E, Avery L, Bonten M, Cassini A, Chauvin C, Compri M, Damborg P, De Greeff S, Del Toro MD, Filter M, Franklin A, Gonzalez-Zorn B, Grave K, Hocquet D, Hoelzle LE, Kalanxhi E, Laxminarayan R, Leibovici L, Malhotra-Kumar S, Mendelson M, Paul M, Muñoz Madero C, Murri R, Piddock LJ, Ruesen C, Sanguinetti M, Schilling T, Schrijver R, Schwaber MJ, Scudeller L, Torumkuney D, Van Boeckel T, Vanderhaeghen W, Voss A, Wozniak T. EPI-Net One Health reporting guideline for antimicrobial consumption and resistance surveillance data: a Delphi approach. Lancet Reg Health Eur 2023; 26:100563. [PMID: 36895445 PMCID: PMC9989632 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Strategic and standardised approaches to analysis and reporting of surveillance data are essential to inform antimicrobial resistance (AMR) mitigation measures, including antibiotic policies. Targeted guidance on linking full-scale AMR and antimicrobial consumption (AMC)/antimicrobial residues (AR) surveillance data from the human, animal, and environmental sectors is currently needed. This paper describes the initiative whereby a multidisciplinary panel of experts (56 from 20 countries-52 high income, 4 upper middle or lower income), representing all three sectors, elaborated proposals for structuring and reporting full-scale AMR and AMC/AR surveillance data across the three sectors. An evidence-supported, modified Delphi approach was adopted to reach consensus among the experts for dissemination frequency, language, and overall structure of reporting; core elements and metrics for AMC/AR data; core elements and metrics for AMR data. The recommendations can support multisectoral national and regional plans on antimicrobials policy to reduce resistance rates applying a One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Babu Rajendran
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fabiana Arieti
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Liliana Galia
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maela Tebon
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Julio Alvarez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center and Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beryl Primrose Gladstone
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) Clinical Research Unit for Healthcare Associated and Antibiotic Resistant Bacterial Infections, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lucie Collineau
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Giulia De Angelis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Raquel Duro
- Unit for the Prevention and Control of Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, Centro Hospitalar do Tâmega e Sousa, Penafiel, Porto, Portugal
| | - William Gaze
- The European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Siri Göpel
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) Clinical Research Unit for Healthcare Associated and Antibiotic Resistant Bacterial Infections, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Souha S Kanj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control Program, Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Annemarie Käsbohrer
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department 4 - Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Direk Limmathurotsakul
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit and Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | - Elena Mazzolini
- Department of Epidemiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Udine-Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Nico T Mutters
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, Bonn University Hospital, Bonn, Germany.,European Committee on Infection Control, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Diletta Pezzani
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisabeth Presterl
- European Committee on Infection Control, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,ESCMID Study Group for Nosocomial Infections, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hanna Renk
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Pulmology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Baño
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Division, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena/Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Seville/Biomedicine Institute of Seville (IBiS)/CSIC, Seville, Spain.,CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oana Săndulescu
- Department of Infectious Diseases I, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Prof. Dr. Matei Balș", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Federico Scali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Robert Skov
- Epidemiological Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thirumalaisamy P Velavan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Vietnamese - German Center for Medical Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Cuong Vuong
- AiCuris Anti-infective Cures GmbH, Wuppertal, Germany.,Jansen Pharmaceuticals, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Evelina Tacconelli
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,European Committee on Infection Control, Basel, Switzerland
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Compri M, Mader R, Mazzolini E, de Angelis G, Mutters NT, Babu Rajendran N, Galia L, Tacconelli E, Schrijver R. White Paper: Bridging the gap between surveillance data and antimicrobial stewardship in the animal sector-practical guidance from the JPIAMR ARCH and COMBACTE-MAGNET EPI-Net networks. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 75:ii52-ii66. [PMID: 33280048 PMCID: PMC7719408 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The JPIAMR ARCH and COMBACTE-MAGNET EPI-Net networks have joined efforts to formulate a set of target actions to link the surveillance of antimicrobial usage (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) with antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) activities in four different settings. This White Paper focuses on the veterinary setting and embraces the One Health approach. METHODS A review of the literature was carried out addressing research questions in three areas: AMS leadership and accountability; AMU surveillance and AMS; and AMR surveillance and AMS. Consensus on target actions was reached through a RAND-modified Delphi process involving over 40 experts in infectious diseases, clinical microbiology, AMS, veterinary medicine and public health, from 18 countries. RESULTS/DISCUSSION Forty-six target actions were developed and qualified as essential or desirable. Essential actions included the setup of AMS teams in all veterinary settings, building government-supported AMS programmes and following specific requirements on the production, collection and communication of AMU and AMR data. Activities of AMS teams should be tailored to the local situation and capacities, and be linked to local or national surveillance systems and infection control programmes. Several research priorities were also identified, such as the need to develop more clinical breakpoints in veterinary medicine. CONCLUSIONS This White Paper offers a practical tool to veterinary practitioners and policy makers to improve AMS in the One Health approach, thanks to surveillance data generated in the veterinary setting. This work may also be useful to medical doctors wishing to better understand the specificities of the veterinary setting and facilitate cross-sectoral collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Compri
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Rodolphe Mader
- University of Lyon, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Laboratory of Lyon, Antimicrobial Resistance and Bacterial Virulence Unit, Lyon, France
| | - Elena Mazzolini
- Department of Epidemiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia de Angelis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Nico T Mutters
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, Bonn University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nithya Babu Rajendran
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Clinical Research Unit for healthcare associated infections, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Liliana Galia
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Evelina Tacconelli
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Clinical Research Unit for healthcare associated infections, Tübingen, Germany
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Pezzani MD, Mazzaferri F, Compri M, Galia L, Mutters NT, Kahlmeter G, Zaoutis TE, Schwaber MJ, Rodríguez-Baño J, Harbarth S, Tacconelli E. Linking antimicrobial resistance surveillance to antibiotic policy in healthcare settings: the COMBACTE-Magnet EPI-Net COACH project. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 75:ii2-ii19. [PMID: 33280049 PMCID: PMC7719409 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To systematically summarize the evidence on how to collect, analyse and report antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance data to inform antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) teams providing guidance on empirical antibiotic treatment in healthcare settings. METHODS The research group identified 10 key questions about the link between AMR surveillance and AMS using a checklist of 9 elements for good practice in health research priority settings and a modified 3D combined approach matrix, and conducted a systematic review of published original studies and guidelines on the link between AMR surveillance and AMS. RESULTS The questions identified focused on AMS team composition; minimum infrastructure requirements for AMR surveillance; organisms, samples and susceptibility patterns to report; data stratification strategies; reporting frequency; resistance thresholds to drive empirical therapy; surveillance in high-risk hospital units, long-term care, outpatient and veterinary settings; and surveillance data from other countries. Twenty guidelines and seven original studies on the implementation of AMR surveillance as part of an AMS programme were included in the literature review. CONCLUSIONS The evidence summarized in this review provides a useful basis for a more integrated process of developing procedures to report AMR surveillance data to drive AMS interventions. These procedures should be extended to settings outside the acute-care institutions, such as long-term care, outpatient and veterinary. Without proper AMR surveillance, implementation of AMS policies cannot contribute effectively to the fight against MDR pathogens and may even worsen the burden of adverse events from such interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Diletta Pezzani
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Fulvia Mazzaferri
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Monica Compri
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Liliana Galia
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Nico T Mutters
- Bonn University Hospital, Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gunnar Kahlmeter
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Växjö Central Hospital, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Theoklis E Zaoutis
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Infectious Diseases Division, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mitchell J Schwaber
- National Centre for Infection Control, Israel Ministry of Health and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Baño
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena/Department of Medicine, University of Seville/Biomedicine Institute of Seville (IBiS), Seville, Spain
| | - Stephan Harbarth
- Infection Control Program, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Evelina Tacconelli
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Clinical Research Unit for Healthcare Associated Infections, Tübingen, Germany
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Galia L, Ligozzi M, Bertoncelli A, Mazzariol A. Real-time PCR assay for detection of Staphylococcus aureus, Panton-Valentine Leucocidin and Methicillin Resistance directly from clinical samples. AIMS Microbiol 2019; 5:138-146. [PMID: 31384708 PMCID: PMC6642910 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2019.2.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid detection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important concern for both treatment and implementation of infection control policies. The present study provides an ‘in house’ real-time PCR assay to detect directly nuc, pvl, and mecA genes. The assay is able to perform identification of MRSA, Methicillin-Sensitive S. aureus, Methicillin-Resistant Coagulase Negative Staphylococci and the Panton-Valentine leukocidin virulence gene from rectal and pharyngeal swab samples in a screening context. We found an analytical sensitivity of this current Triplex PCR assay of 514 CFU/mL. Analytical specificity was tested with different Gram-positive and Gram-negative species and yielded no false-positive PCR signal. The sensitivity and specificity of the Triplex Real Time PCR were both 100% for these targets when compared with the culture and conventional methods. This assay is readily adaptable for routine use in a microbiology laboratory, as it will enable the implementation of timely and properly guided therapy and infection control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Galia
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Ligozzi
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Bertoncelli
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Annarita Mazzariol
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Ligozzi M, Galia L, Carelli M, Piccaluga PP, Diani E, Gibellini D. Duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of human KIPyV and WUPyV in nasopharyngeal aspirate pediatric samples. Mol Cell Probes 2018; 40:13-18. [PMID: 29883628 PMCID: PMC7172048 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we describe a duplex real-time PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of KIPyV and WUPyV polyomaviruses based on TaqMan probes. This assay detected 500 copies/mL both for KIPyV and WUPyV in 100% of tested positive samples. We assessed this technique on 482 nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens from hospitalized pediatric patients with respiratory symptoms, previously analyzed with commercial multiplex assay for 16 major respiratory viruses. Our assay detected KIPyV genome in 15 out of 482 samples (3.1%) and WUPyV genome in 24 out of 482 samples (4.9%), respectively, and in three samples the coinfection of the two viruses was found. Interestingly, 29 out of 36 of samples with KIPyV and/or WUPyV infection exhibited a co-infection with one or more respiratory viruses confirming that KIPyV and WUPyV were often detected in association to other viral infections. Of note, KIPyV and WUPyV were detected singularly in 4 out of 15 cases and 3 out of 24 cases, respectively, suggesting a possible direct role of these viruses in the respiratory diseases. In conclusion, this method could be taken into account as an alternative technical approach to detect KIPyV and/or WUPyV in respiratory samples for epidemiological and diagnostic analyses. Duplex real-time PCR assay for the detection of human KIPyV and WUPyV was assessed. This assay was evaluated on nasopharyngeal aspirate samples from pediatric patients. KIPyV and WUPyV were detected in 3.1% and 4.9% of samples, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ligozzi
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Strada delle Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Liliana Galia
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Strada delle Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Carelli
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Strada delle Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Piccaluga
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy; Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Erica Diani
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Strada delle Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Davide Gibellini
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Strada delle Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
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