Evaluation of Soybean Ingredients in Pet Foods Applications: Systematic Review

Soybean use has been low in pet foods, even though they are an excellent source of protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and gut fermentable fibers. The purpose of this evaluation was to conduct a systematic review of the public literature to explore how soybeans have been researched for pet food applications since 2000 and to provide strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for soybeans in the pet food industry. The review covered a total of 44 articles related to soybean ingredients and their potential value in the pet food arena. The articles were categorized by their research contents and narratively summarized to demonstrate useful information to both the pet and soybean industries. When soybean-based products have been adequately processed to reduce the antinutritive factors, they are comparable to processed animal proteins in nutritional value, palatability, and functionality in pet food processing. We conclude that various food processing technologies and the versatility of soybean ingredients allow soybean to have considerable inclusion potential in pet foods. More research on dietary soybean ingredients regarding pet food processing, fermentation benefits on health, and consumer acceptance will be needed to understand soybean's position in the future pet food industry.

A 3-O-methylated mannogalactan from Pleurotus pulmonarius: structure and antinociceptive effect

A polysaccharide (Mw 2.39x10(4)g/mol) was extracted with cold water from the basidiomycete Pleurotus pulmonarius, and its antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties were evaluated. It was a mannogalactan (MG), whose structure was characterized using mono- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, methylation analysis, and a controlled Smith degradation. It had a main chain of (1-->6)-linked alpha-D-galactopyranosyl and 3-O-methyl-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl units, both of which are partially substituted at O-2 by beta-D-mannopyranosyl non-reducing ends. The MG was tested for its effects on the acetic acid-induced writhing reaction in mice, a typical model for inflammatory pain, causing a marked and dose-dependent inhibition of the nociceptive response, with ID50 of 16.2 (14.7-17.7)mg/kg and inhibition of 93+/-3% at a dose of 30mg/kg. An inflammatory response was not inhibited.

Role of pseudorabies virus Us3 protein kinase during neuronal infection

The pseudorabies virus (PRV) Us3 gene is conserved among the alphaherpesviruses and encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase that is not required for growth in standard cell lines. In this report, we used a compartmented culture system to investigate the role of PRV Us3 in viral replication in neurons, in spread from neurons to PK15 cells, and in axon-mediated spread of infection. We also examined the role of Us3 in neuroinvasion and virulence in rodents. Us3 null mutants produce about 10-fold less infectious virus from neurons than wild-type virus and have no discernible phenotypes for axonal targeting of viral components in cultured peripheral nervous system neurons. After eye infection in rodents, Us3 null mutants were slightly attenuated for virulence, with a delayed onset of symptoms compared to the wild type or a Us3 null revertant. While initially delayed, the symptoms increased in severity until they approximated those of the wild-type virus. Us3 null mutants were neuroinvasive, spreading in both efferent and afferent circuits innervating eye tissues.

Can phosphorus limitation inhibit dissolved organic carbon consumption in aquatic microbial food webs? A study of three food web structures in microcosms

Microcosms with three different food web structures and phosphorus (P) limited growth medium were used to study the interactions between P and organic carbon (C) fractions in pelagic food webs. The cultures were run with low dilution to allow the biological processes to determine the outcome. A double isotope technique was used to follow the C and P compartments. In all systems the primary production was P limited. The measured P:C ratios and the observed accumulation of degradable dissolved organic carbon (DOC) indicated that the growth of heterotrophic bacteria was also P limited. The presence of neither algal grazers nor flagellates feeding on bacteria altered the limitation pattern. A net loss of P from the bacterial fraction was observed after the bloom. Different strategies for nutrient aquisition and growth are proposed as mechanisms enabling simultaneous P limitation of algae and bacteria, and a concomitant accumulation of degradable DOC. The ability of the algae to grow with low P:C ratio keeps the regeneration of P through grazers low enough to cause sustained P limitation of both algae and bacteria. The grazers were important producers of DOC when present. This implies that the usual assumption of carbon limited bacterial growth may lead to wrong conclusions regarding the dynamics of plankton communities and the DOC pool.

Effect of homologous preovulatory follicular fluid on in vitro maturation of equine cumulus-oocyte complexes

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that incubating equine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) in medium containing 50% or 100% homologous preovulatory follicular fluid would improve cumulus expansion and nuclear maturation. Oocytes were incubated in one of three media: 1) supplemented TCM-199 (control), 2) 50% (v/v) follicular fluid in control medium or 3) 100% follicular fluid. Cumulus expansion was evaluated subjectively, and nuclear maturation was evaluated by staining oocytes with Hoechst 33258. The hypothesis that incubating COCs in medium containing follicular fluid would improve cumulus expansion was supported. More (P < 0.05) compact COCs incubated in 50% or 100% follicular fluid developed a moderately to completely expanded cumulus after 24 and 36 h of incubation and more (P < 0.05) expanded COCs incubated in 100% follicular fluid developed a moderately to completely expanded cumulus after 36 h of incubation compared to control medium. The hypothesis that incubating COCs in medium containing follicular fluid would improve nuclear maturation was not supported. Although more (P < 0.05) compact COCs incubated in 50% follicular fluid reached polar body-stage compared to those in control medium, the nuclear maturation rate in the control medium was lower than it was when the same medium was used in a preliminary experiment (described in main text); therefore, the apparent superiority of 50% follicular fluid must be interpreted cautiously. Based on these results, future studies are warranted to further address the value of adding preovulatory follicular fluid to equine IVM culture systems.

Living fibroblast cells in the oviductal masses of mares

The object of this experiment was to estimate the number and type of living cells in oviductal masses of mares. Oviducts of abattoir mares were dissected, divided into 3 sections, and flushed individually. Oviductal masses were recovered from 220 of 250 mares and from 389 of 500 oviducts. A greater number of masses was recovered from the left than the right oviducts. A higher percentage of masses was recovered from the ampullary-isthmic junction than from the ampulla or isthmus. The number of masses increased slightly with increasing mare age and was weakly correlated with the number of unfertilised oocytes recovered per oviduct. Prepubertal mares had fewer recovered masses than anovulatory, early luteal phase, late luteal phase, or pregnant mares. Oviductal masses were classified morphologically as being branched, compact, or cumulus. Living cells were identified with a carboxy fluorescein diacetate stain and dead cells were identified with a propidium iodide fluorescent stain. In branched masses, the proportion of the surface area covered with total cells (live and dead) was 33.7 +/- 14.3%, and with only live cells was 6.2 +/- 7.3%. In compact masses, the proportion of the surface area covered with total cells was 42.4 +/- 21.2%, and with only live cells was 10.7 +/- 13.1%. The detection of living cells was confirmed by isolating and culturing cells. Cells cultured from cumulus masses were viable in 57.1% of wells, whereas cells from branched and compact masses were viable in only 18.1% and 17.7% of wells, respectively. In addition, more of the surface area of wells containing cells from cumulus masses were covered with cells, compared to wells containing cells from either branched or compact masses. Most cells appeared to be fibroblasts because 90-95% of cells from branched and compact masses were stained with a fibroblast cell marker.

Effects of in vivo administration of testosterone propionate on in vitro production of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone by pituitaries of pony mares

The in vitro incorporation of [3H]leucine into immunoprecipitable follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) was assessed for pituitaries from pony mares treated with testosterone propionate (TP) or oil (controls). Mares were treated every other day with TP (n = 4) at 350 micrograms/kg of body weight or with an equivalent volume of oil (n = 4). One day following the sixth injection of TP, each mare received an intravenous injection of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) at 1.0 micrograms/kg body weight and was bled frequently for 4 h. Treatment of mares with TP reduced FSH (P less than 0.05) and LH (P less than 0.01) concentrations in daily blood samples and increased (P less than 0.01) the amount of FSH secreted in response to GnRH compared with control mares. Incorporation of [3H]leucine into immunoprecipitable FSH was also greater (P less than 0.01) in pituitaries from TP-treated mares compared with control mares on both a per mg tissue and per anterior pituitary basis. The amount of LH secreted after GnRH, the amount left in the pituitary and the incorporation of [3H]leucine into LH were not affected by treatment. These results confirm earlier conclusions drawn from indirect evidence that androgens increase the production of FSH in the mare.

The optometrists' view of site selection

Numerous studies have attemted to describe and to explain the maldistribution of physicians, yet few studies have attempted to explain the distribution of other health care personnel. Knowledge of the factors involved in the locational decision of relatively facility-free optometric practitioners offers excellent research opportunities for social scientists and holds forth promise for state and regional optometric associations concerned with attracting qualified optometrists. This study focuses on the impact of homestate and age on the decision to locate an optometric practice both in a state and in a community. In a survey of North Carolina optometrists the impact of homesite was found to be a significant factor in the locational decision. In addition, optometrists under 35 years of age were found to exhibit different locational preferences from their older counterparts.