Patients' Views on Medical Events in Lung Cancer Screening as Teachable Moments for Smoking Behaviour Change: A Systematic Review and Metasynthesis

Although medical events in lung cancer screening (LCS) such as receiving scan results or interactions with clinicians are recognised as teachable moments (TMs), the views of patients about why this is the case for smoking behaviour change remain uncertain. This systematic review and metasynthesis study is aimed at identifying the reasons why patients believed that medical events during LCS act as TMs for smoking behaviour change. A search strategy was developed for use with MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, CINAHL-P, Web of Science databases, and Google Scholar. This helped identify qualitative and mixed-method research which mentioned patients' views of how these TMs result in smoking behaviour change. After screening, final articles were critically appraised; general characteristics and data relevant to the aims were extracted to conduct a line-of-argument metasynthesis. After screening 695 papers, 11 were included. Undergoing LCS scans was seen to act on their intrinsic motivation to reduce smoking as it served as a "wake-up call" and increased awareness of the health consequences of smoking. Receiving positive or negative LCS results resulted in cessation as it was a "health scare" and challenged smoking habits. Interactions with clinicians addressed misconceptions and signposted them to specialist cessation services. Attendees believed that the following encouraged them to change their smoking behaviour: having an intrinsic motivation to quit, their beliefs on smoking and health reframed, their negative emotions appraised, and using LCS to access specialist support. In line with the TM heuristic, these experiences provided the necessary skills, confidence, and motivation to quit. Future research should explore whether the views of the clinicians match those of the attendees to address misconceptions and further develop clinical guidelines.

Solvent effects in the spectra of Benzene, Toluene, and Chlorobenzene at 2600 and 2000 Ǻ

The ultraviolet spectra of benzene, toluene, and chlorobenzene at 2600 and 2000 Ǻ have been measured in carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, cyclohexane, 1%-hexane, ethanol, and water. Compared with the gases the solution spectra are all displaced to the red by amounts that agree qualitatively with the predicted effect of the solvent refractive index and the transition intensity according to the theory of Bayliss (1950). Quantitative agreement with this theory can be obtained only by assuming the effective cavity occupied by the solute molecule to be considerably smaller than the actual molecular size. The significance of this effect is discussed. The intensities of the solution spectra vary with the solvent refractive index, but in a way that is incompatible with the classical theory of Chako (1934). A marked increase in the intensity (particularly in toluene) is found where the solute absorption is close to an absorption band of the solvent, that is, for the 2600 Ǻ transitions in carbon tetrachloride and to a less extent in chloroform. In the 2600 Ǻ transition of benzene, a band appears in water, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride that is very close to the position of the (0,0) band that is forbidden in the gas spectrum. The nature of this band is discussed.