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Anton A, Plinet M, Peyret T, Cazaudarré T, Pesant S, Rouquet Y, Tricoteaux MA, Bernier M, Bayette J, Fournier R, Marguerettaz M, Rolland P, Bayol T, Abbaoui N, Berry A, Iriart X, Cassaing S, Chauvin P, Bernard E, Fabre R, François JM. Rapid and Accurate Diagnosis of Dermatophyte Infections Using the DendrisCHIP ® Technology. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3430. [PMID: 37998565 PMCID: PMC10670032 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13223430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytosis is a superficial fungal infection with an ever-increasing number of patients. Culture-based mycology remains the most commonly used diagnosis, but it takes around four weeks to identify the causative agent. Therefore, routine clinical laboratories need rapid, high throughput, and accurate species-specific analytical methods for diagnosis and therapeutic management. Based on these requirements, we investigated the feasibility of DendrisCHIP® technology as an innovative molecular diagnostic method for the identification of a subset of 13 pathogens potentially responsible for dermatophytosis infections in clinical samples. This technology is based on DNA microarray, which potentially enables the detection and discrimination of several germs in a single sample. A major originality of DendrisCHIP® technology is the use of a decision algorithm for probability presence or absence of pathogens based on machine learning methods. In this study, the diagnosis of dermatophyte infection was carried out on more than 284 isolates by conventional microbial culture and DendrisCHIP®DP, which correspond to the DendrisCHIP® carrying oligoprobes of the targeted pathogens implicated in dermatophytosis. While convergence ranging from 75 to 86% depending on the sampling procedure was obtained with both methods, the DendrisCHIP®DP proved to identify more isolates with pathogens that escaped the culture method. These results were confirmed at 86% by a third method, which was either a specific RT-PCR or genome sequencing. In addition, diagnostic results with DendrisCHIP®DP can be obtained within a day. This faster and more accurate identification of fungal pathogens with DendrisCHIP®DP enables the clinician to quickly and successfully implement appropriate antifungal treatment to prevent the spread and elimination of dermatophyte infection. Taken together, these results demonstrate that this technology is a very promising method for routine diagnosis of dermatophytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Anton
- Dendris SAS, 335 Rue du Chêne Vert, 31670 Labège, France; (M.P.); (T.P.); (T.C.); (S.P.); (E.B.); (R.F.); (J.-M.F.)
| | - Mathilde Plinet
- Dendris SAS, 335 Rue du Chêne Vert, 31670 Labège, France; (M.P.); (T.P.); (T.C.); (S.P.); (E.B.); (R.F.); (J.-M.F.)
| | - Thomas Peyret
- Dendris SAS, 335 Rue du Chêne Vert, 31670 Labège, France; (M.P.); (T.P.); (T.C.); (S.P.); (E.B.); (R.F.); (J.-M.F.)
| | - Thomas Cazaudarré
- Dendris SAS, 335 Rue du Chêne Vert, 31670 Labège, France; (M.P.); (T.P.); (T.C.); (S.P.); (E.B.); (R.F.); (J.-M.F.)
| | - Stéphanie Pesant
- Dendris SAS, 335 Rue du Chêne Vert, 31670 Labège, France; (M.P.); (T.P.); (T.C.); (S.P.); (E.B.); (R.F.); (J.-M.F.)
| | - Yannick Rouquet
- Laboratoire Inovie-CBM, 31000 Toulouse, France; (Y.R.); (M.-A.T.); (M.B.)
| | | | - Matthieu Bernier
- Laboratoire Inovie-CBM, 31000 Toulouse, France; (Y.R.); (M.-A.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Jérémy Bayette
- Laboratoire Inovie-Labosud, 34070 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (R.F.); (M.M.); (P.R.); (T.B.); (N.A.)
| | - Remi Fournier
- Laboratoire Inovie-Labosud, 34070 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (R.F.); (M.M.); (P.R.); (T.B.); (N.A.)
| | - Mélanie Marguerettaz
- Laboratoire Inovie-Labosud, 34070 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (R.F.); (M.M.); (P.R.); (T.B.); (N.A.)
| | - Pierre Rolland
- Laboratoire Inovie-Labosud, 34070 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (R.F.); (M.M.); (P.R.); (T.B.); (N.A.)
| | - Thibaud Bayol
- Laboratoire Inovie-Labosud, 34070 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (R.F.); (M.M.); (P.R.); (T.B.); (N.A.)
| | - Nadia Abbaoui
- Laboratoire Inovie-Labosud, 34070 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (R.F.); (M.M.); (P.R.); (T.B.); (N.A.)
| | - Antoine Berry
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Purpan de Toulouse, Institut Fédératif de biologie (IFB), 31300 Toulouse, France; (A.B.); (X.I.); (S.C.); (P.C.)
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), Hôpital Purpan, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Xavier Iriart
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Purpan de Toulouse, Institut Fédératif de biologie (IFB), 31300 Toulouse, France; (A.B.); (X.I.); (S.C.); (P.C.)
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), Hôpital Purpan, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Cassaing
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Purpan de Toulouse, Institut Fédératif de biologie (IFB), 31300 Toulouse, France; (A.B.); (X.I.); (S.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Pamela Chauvin
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Purpan de Toulouse, Institut Fédératif de biologie (IFB), 31300 Toulouse, France; (A.B.); (X.I.); (S.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Elodie Bernard
- Dendris SAS, 335 Rue du Chêne Vert, 31670 Labège, France; (M.P.); (T.P.); (T.C.); (S.P.); (E.B.); (R.F.); (J.-M.F.)
| | - Richard Fabre
- Dendris SAS, 335 Rue du Chêne Vert, 31670 Labège, France; (M.P.); (T.P.); (T.C.); (S.P.); (E.B.); (R.F.); (J.-M.F.)
| | - Jean-Marie François
- Dendris SAS, 335 Rue du Chêne Vert, 31670 Labège, France; (M.P.); (T.P.); (T.C.); (S.P.); (E.B.); (R.F.); (J.-M.F.)
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, Institut National des Sciences (INSA), 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
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Petras D, Kerwat D, Pesic A, Hempel BF, von Eckardstein L, Semsary S, Arasté J, Marguerettaz M, Royer M, Cociancich S, Süssmuth RD. The O-Carbamoyl-Transferase Alb15 Is Responsible for the Modification of Albicidin. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1198-204. [PMID: 26886160 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Albicidin is a potent antibiotic and phytotoxin produced by Xanthomonas albilineans which targets the plant and bacterial DNA gyrase. We now report on a new albicidin derivative which is carbamoylated at the N-terminal coumaric acid by the action of the ATP-dependent O-carbamoyltransferase Alb15, present in the albicidin (alb) gene cluster. Carbamoyl-albicidin was characterized by tandem mass spectrometry from cultures of a Xanthomonas overproducer strain and the gene function confirmed by gene inactivation of alb15 in X. albilineans. Expression of alb15 in Escherichia coli and in vitro reconstitution of the carbamoyltransferase activity confirmed albicidin as the substrate. The chemical synthesis of carbamoyl-albicidin finally enabled us to assess its bioactivity by means of in vitro gyrase inhibition and antibacterial assays. Compared to albicidin, carbamoyl-albicidin showed a significantly higher inhibitory efficiency against bacterial gyrase (∼8 vs 49 nM), which identifies the carbamoyl group as an important structural feature of albicidin maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Petras
- Institut für
Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis Kerwat
- Institut für
Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Pesic
- Institut für
Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin-F Hempel
- Institut für
Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonard von Eckardstein
- Institut für
Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Siamak Semsary
- Institut für
Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julie Arasté
- Cirad, UMR BGPI, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | - Monique Royer
- Cirad, UMR BGPI, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | - Roderich D. Süssmuth
- Institut für
Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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Cociancich S, Pesic A, Petras D, Uhlmann S, Kretz J, Schubert V, Vieweg L, Duplan S, Marguerettaz M, Noëll J, Pieretti I, Hügelland M, Kemper S, Mainz A, Rott P, Royer M, Süssmuth RD. The gyrase inhibitor albicidin consists of p-aminobenzoic acids and cyanoalanine. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:195-7. [PMID: 25599532 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Albicidin is a potent DNA gyrase inhibitor produced by the sugarcane pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas albilineans. Here we report the elucidation of the hitherto unknown structure of albicidin, revealing a unique polyaromatic oligopeptide mainly composed of p-aminobenzoic acids. In vitro studies provide further insights into the biosynthetic machinery of albicidin. These findings will enable structural investigations on the inhibition mechanism of albicidin and its assessment as a highly effective antibacterial drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Cociancich
- Cirad, UMR Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexander Pesic
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Petras
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Uhlmann
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Kretz
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vivien Schubert
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Vieweg
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandrine Duplan
- Cirad, UMR Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite, Montpellier, France
| | - Mélanie Marguerettaz
- Cirad, UMR Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite, Montpellier, France
| | - Julie Noëll
- Cirad, UMR Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Pieretti
- Cirad, UMR Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Sebastian Kemper
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andi Mainz
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philippe Rott
- Cirad, UMR Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite, Montpellier, France
| | - Monique Royer
- Cirad, UMR Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite, Montpellier, France
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Royer M, Koebnik R, Marguerettaz M, Barbe V, Robin GP, Brin C, Carrere S, Gomez C, Hügelland M, Völler GH, Noëll J, Pieretti I, Rausch S, Verdier V, Poussier S, Rott P, Süssmuth RD, Cociancich S. Genome mining reveals the genus Xanthomonas to be a promising reservoir for new bioactive non-ribosomally synthesized peptides. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:658. [PMID: 24069909 PMCID: PMC3849588 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various bacteria can use non-ribosomal peptide synthesis (NRPS) to produce peptides or other small molecules. Conserved features within the NRPS machinery allow the type, and sometimes even the structure, of the synthesized polypeptide to be predicted. Thus, bacterial genome mining via in silico analyses of NRPS genes offers an attractive opportunity to uncover new bioactive non-ribosomally synthesized peptides. Xanthomonas is a large genus of Gram-negative bacteria that cause disease in hundreds of plant species. To date, the only known small molecule synthesized by NRPS in this genus is albicidin produced by Xanthomonas albilineans. This study aims to estimate the biosynthetic potential of Xanthomonas spp. by in silico analyses of NRPS genes with unknown function recently identified in the sequenced genomes of X. albilineans and related species of Xanthomonas. RESULTS We performed in silico analyses of NRPS genes present in all published genome sequences of Xanthomonas spp., as well as in unpublished draft genome sequences of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae strain BAI3 and Xanthomonas spp. strain XaS3. These two latter strains, together with X. albilineans strain GPE PC73 and X. oryzae pv. oryzae strains X8-1A and X11-5A, possess novel NRPS gene clusters and share related NRPS-associated genes such as those required for the biosynthesis of non-proteinogenic amino acids or the secretion of peptides. In silico prediction of peptide structures according to NRPS architecture suggests eight different peptides, each specific to its producing strain. Interestingly, these eight peptides cannot be assigned to any known gene cluster or related to known compounds from natural product databases. PCR screening of a collection of 94 plant pathogenic bacteria indicates that these novel NRPS gene clusters are specific to the genus Xanthomonas and are also present in Xanthomonas translucens and X. oryzae pv. oryzicola. Further genome mining revealed other novel NRPS genes specific to X. oryzae pv. oryzicola or Xanthomonas sacchari. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed the significant potential of the genus Xanthomonas to produce new non-ribosomally synthesized peptides. Interestingly, this biosynthetic potential seems to be specific to strains of Xanthomonas associated with monocotyledonous plants, suggesting a putative involvement of non-ribosomally synthesized peptides in plant-bacteria interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Royer
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, Montpellier Cedex 5, F-34398, France
| | | | | | - Valérie Barbe
- CEA/DSV/IG/Genoscope, Centre National de Séquençage, Evry Cedex F-91057, France
| | | | | | | | - Camila Gomez
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, Montpellier Cedex 5, F-34398, France
| | - Manuela Hügelland
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin D-10623, Germany
| | - Ginka H Völler
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin D-10623, Germany
| | - Julie Noëll
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, Montpellier Cedex 5, F-34398, France
| | | | - Saskia Rausch
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin D-10623, Germany
| | | | - Stéphane Poussier
- UMR PVBMT, Université de la Réunion, Saint-Denis, La Réunion F-97715, France
| | - Philippe Rott
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, Montpellier Cedex 5, F-34398, France
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Marguerettaz M, Pieretti I, Gayral P, Puig J, Brin C, Cociancich S, Poussier S, Rott P, Royer M. Genomic and evolutionary features of the SPI-1 type III secretion system that is present in Xanthomonas albilineans but is not essential for xylem colonization and symptom development of sugarcane leaf scald. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2011; 24:246-59. [PMID: 20955079 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-10-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas albilineans is the causal agent of sugarcane leaf scald. Interestingly, this bacterium, which is not known to be insect or animal associated, possesses a type III secretion system (T3SS) belonging to the injectisome family Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1). The T3SS SPI-1 of X. albilineans shares only low similarity with other available T3SS SPI-1 sequences. Screening of a collection of 128 plant-pathogenic bacteria revealed that this T3SS SPI-1 is present in only two species of Xanthomonas: X. albilineans and X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli. Inoculation of sugarcane with knockout mutants showed that this system is not required by X. albilineans to spread within xylem vessels and to cause disease symptoms. This result was confirmed by the absence of this T3SS SPI-1 in an X. albilineans strain isolated from diseased sugarcane. To investigate the importance of the T3SS SPI-1 during the life cycle of X. albilineans, we analyzed T3SS SPI-1 sequences from 11 strains spanning the genetic diversity of this species. No nonsense mutations or frameshifting indels were observed in any of these strains, suggesting that the T3SS SPI-1 system is maintained within the species X. albilineans. Evolutionary features of T3SS SPI-1 based on phylogenetic, recombination, and selection analyses are discussed in the context of the possible functional importance of T3SS SPI-1 in the ecology of X. albilineans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Marguerettaz
- UMR BGPI CIRAD, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA A-54/K, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Adam H, Marguerettaz M, Qadri R, Adroher B, Richaud F, Collin M, Thuillet AC, Vigouroux Y, Laufs P, Tregear JW, Jouannic S. Divergent expression patterns of miR164 and CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON genes in palms and other monocots: implication for the evolution of meristem function in angiosperms. Mol Biol Evol 2010; 28:1439-54. [PMID: 21135149 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msq328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to understand how the morphology of plant species has diversified over time, it is necessary to decipher how the underlying developmental programs have evolved. The regulatory network controlling shoot meristem activity is likely to have played an important role in morphological diversification and useful insights can be gained by comparing monocots and eudicots. These two distinct monophyletic groups of angiosperms diverged 130 Ma and are characterized by important differences in their morphology. Several studies of eudicot species have revealed a conserved role for NAM and CUC3 genes in meristem functioning and pattern formation through the definition of morphogenetic boundaries during development. In this study, we show that NAM- and CUC3-related genes are conserved in palms and grasses, their diversification having predated the radiation of monocots and eudicots. Moreover, the NAM-miR164 posttranscriptional regulatory module is also conserved in palm species. However, in contrast to the CUC3-related genes, which share a similar expression pattern between the two angiosperm groups, the expression domain of the NAM-miR164 module differs between monocot and eudicot species. In our studies of spatial expression patterns, we compared existing eudicot data with novel results from our work using two palm species (date palm and oil palm) and two members of the Poaceae (rice and millet). In addition to contrasting results obtained at the gene expression level, major differences were also observed between eudicot and monocot NAM-related genes in the occurrence of putative cis-regulatory elements in their promoter sequences. Overall, our results suggest that although NAM- and CUC3-related proteins are functionally equivalent between monocots and eudicots, evolutionary radiation has resulted in heterotopy through alterations in the expression domain of the NAM-miR164 regulatory module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Adam
- IRD, UMR DIAPC, IRD/CIRAD Palm Development Group, Montpellier Cedex, France
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Lambou K, Tharreau D, Kohler A, Sirven C, Marguerettaz M, Barbisan C, Sexton AC, Kellner EM, Martin F, Howlett BJ, Orbach MJ, Lebrun MH. Fungi have three tetraspanin families with distinct functions. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:63. [PMID: 18241352 PMCID: PMC2278132 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tetraspanins are small membrane proteins that belong to a superfamily encompassing 33 members in human and mouse. These proteins act as organizers of membrane-signalling complexes. So far only two tetraspanin families have been identified in fungi. These are Pls1, which is required for pathogenicity of the plant pathogenic ascomycetes, Magnaporthe grisea, Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, and Tsp2, whose function is unknown. In this report, we describe a third family of tetraspanins (Tsp3) and a new family of tetraspanin-like proteins (Tpl1) in fungi. We also describe expression of some of these genes in M. grisea and a basidiomycete, Laccaria bicolor, and also their functional analysis in M. grisea. Results The exhaustive search for tetraspanins in fungal genomes reveals that higher fungi (basidiomycetes and ascomycetes) contain three families of tetraspanins (Pls1, Tsp2 and Tsp3) with different distribution amongst phyla. Pls1 is found in ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, whereas Tsp2 is restricted to basidiomycetes and Tsp3 to ascomycetes. A unique copy of each of PLS1 and TSP3 was found in ascomycetes in contrast to TSP2, which has several paralogs in the basidiomycetes, Coprinus cinereus and Laccaria bicolor. A tetraspanin-like family (Tpl1) was also identified in ascomycetes. Transcriptional analyses in various tissues of L. bicolor and M. grisea showed that PLS1 and TSP2 are expressed in all tissues in L. bicolor and that TSP3 and TPL1 are overexpressed in the sexual fruiting bodies (perithecia) and mycelia of M. grisea, suggesting that these genes are not pseudogenes. Phenotypic analysis of gene replacementmutants Δtsp3 and Δtpl1 of M. grisea revealed a reduction of the pathogenicity only on rice, in contrast to Δpls1 mutants, which are completely non-pathogenic on barley and rice. Conclusion A new tetraspanin family (Tsp3) and a tetraspanin-like protein family (Tpl1) have been identified in fungi. Functional analysis by gene replacement showed that these proteins, as well as Pls1, are involved in the infection process of the plant pathogenic fungus M. grisea. The next challenge will be to decipher the role(s) of tetraspanins in a range of symbiotic, saprophytic and human pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Lambou
- UMR 5240 CNRS-UCB-INSA-Bayer CropScience, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, Bayer CropScience, 14-20 rue Pierre Baizet, 69263 Lyon Cedex 09, France.
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