Zinc detection in oil-polluted marine environment by stripping voltammetry with mercury-free nanoporous gold electrode

Detection of Zn(II) in oil-polluted seawater via square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SW-ASV) utilizing thin gold electrodes sputtered onto nanoporous poly(acrylic acid)-grafted-poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PAA-g-PVDF) membrane is herein reported. Prior to SW-ASV, PAA grafted nanopores demonstrated to efficiently trap Zn(II) ions at open circuit. This passive adsorption followed a Langmuir law. An affinity constant of 1.41 L \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\upmu $$\end{document}μmol\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$^{-1}$$\end{document}-1 and a maximum Zn(II) adsorbed mass q\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$_{max}$$\end{document}max of 1.21 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\upmu $$\end{document}μmol g\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$^{-1}$$\end{document}-1 were found. Applied SW-ASV protocol implied an accumulation step (− 1.2 V for 120 s) followed by a stripping step (− 1.2 to 1 V; 25 Hz; step: 4 mV; amplitude: 25 mV; acetate buffer (pH 5.5)). It revealed a Zn redox potential at − 0.8 V (Ag/AgCl pseudo-reference). Multiple measurements in synthetic waters close to the composition of production waters exhibited a decreasing precision with the number of readings R (1.65\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\%$$\end{document}% (R = 2) and 6.56\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\%$$\end{document}% (R = 3)). These membrane-electrodes should be used as disposable. The intra-batch mean precision was 14\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\%$$\end{document}% (n = 3) while inter-batches precision was 20\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\%$$\end{document}% (n = 15). Linear and linear-log calibrations allow exploitation of Zn(II) concentrations ranging from 10 to 500 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\upmu $$\end{document}μg L\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$^{-1}$$\end{document}-1 and 100 to 1000 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\upmu $$\end{document}μg L\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$^{-1}$$\end{document}-1 respectively. The LOD was 4.2 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\upmu $$\end{document}μg L\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$^{-1}$$\end{document}-1 (3S/N). Thanks to obtained calibration, a detected Zn(II) content of 1 ppm in a raw production water from North Sea oil platform was determined.

Lead-free piezoelectrics: V3+ to V5+ ion conversion promoting the performances of V-doped Zinc Oxide

Vanadium doped ZnO (VZO) thin films were grown by RF magnetron sputtering, starting from a ZnO:V ceramic target. The crystal structure, chemical composition, electric and piezoelectric properties of the films were investigated either on the as-grown thin films or after a post-deposition rapid thermal annealing (RTA) treatment performed at 600 °C for different lengths of time (1 and 5 min) in an oxygen atmosphere. Substitutional doping of Zn²⁺ with V³⁺ and V⁵⁺ ions strongly deteriorated the hexagonal wurtzite ZnO structure of the as-grown thin films due to lattice distortion. The resulting slight amorphization led to a poor piezoelectric response and higher resistivity. After the RTA treatment, strong c-axis oriented VZO thin films were obtained, together with a partial conversion of the starting V³⁺ ions into V⁵⁺. The improvement of the crystal structure and the stronger polarity of both V³⁺ – O and V⁵⁺ – O chemical bonds, together with the corresponding easier rotation under the application of an external electric field, positively affected the piezoelectric response and increased conductivity. This was confirmed by closed-loop butterfly piezoelectric curves, by a maximum d₃₃ piezoelectric coefficient of 85 pm·V⁻¹, and also by ferroelectric switching domains with a well-defined polarization hysteresis curve, featuring a residual polarization of 12.5 μC∙cm⁻².

Thermal evolution of MnxOy nanofibres as catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction

The present study shows how, starting from green and low-cost precursors, nanostructured manganese oxides with good catalytic efficiencies for the oxygen reduction reaction can be fabricated through the electrospinning technique. The role of the crystalline phase and morphological features, on the electro-catalytic behaviour, is discussed.

Dual step irradiation process for in situ generation and patterning of silver nanoparticles in a photocured film

Novel dual step irradiation process for the in situ generation and patterning of silver nanoparticles in a photocured matrix was developed.

A porous nanobranched structure: an effective way to improve piezoelectricity in sputtered ZnO thin films

ZnO nanomaterials are gaining lots of attention due to their biocompatible nature coupled with promising piezoelectric properties, envisioning a new generation of lead-free smart materials.

Self-standing polymer-functionalized reduced graphene oxide papers obtained via a UV-process

The mechanical and electrical properties of novel polymer-grafted RGO papers, synthesized via a two-step UV-induced method, were studied.

Hydrogen adsorption in several types of carbon nanotubes

In this work, we aim to study the hydrogen adsorption in several kinds of carbon nanotubes grown under different process conditions and to correlate the findings with the morphological microstructure and physical properties of these materials. The growth conditions and the behaviour with respect to hydrogen interaction of various carbon nanotubes are discussed, to establish microstructure-process-property relationships. In particular, we have analyzed several types of carbon nanotubes, namely one single-walled and five multi-walled having different tube diameter (due to different deposition techniques and conditions), different defectiveness and submitted to different surface treatments. To better understand the differences among the various samples, they have been investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy for the morphological and structural characteristics, thermo-gravimetric analysis for the sample purity and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis for the surface area. The experimental measurements on the ability of the different types of carbon nanotubes to adsorb and/or releasing hydrogen have been performed at 77 K with a volumetric Sievert analytical tool. Our findings clearly demonstrate a direct correlation between the exposed surface area and adsorbed hydrogen capacity, which confirms their linear relationship observed previously. For instance, single-walled nanotubes with surface area density of approximately 800 m2/g have showed hydrogen storage of approximately 1.7 wt% at a pressure of 35 atm. Adsorption process seems to be perfectly reversible. The adsorption values have been compared with a simple model, in order to evaluate the potentialities for carbon-based nanomaterials in future hydrogen storage applications.

Thermal and electronic properties of macroscopic multi-walled carbon nanotubes blocks

Massive carpets of well packed, vertically aligned and very long multiwall carbon nanotubes were synthesized by an efficient thermal Chemical Vapour Deposition process. Electrical properties of the material were evaluated, both in terms of "global" characteristics (bulk resistivity) and in terms of "local" properties (Scanning Tunnel Spectroscopy measurements) for as-grown and annealed at different temperatures samples. The behaviour of bulk resistivity as a function of temperature was evaluated in the range 3-300 K, with a four-probe technique. The resistivity shows a linear dependence with the square root of temperature in the investigated range. From the electrical analyses, it was found that the quality of the MWNTs was improved by the annealing process, since the resistivity decreases. Heat transport properties were evaluated by the laser flash technique in order to study thermal diffusivity. Moreover high temperature behavior of the specific heat capacity of single and multi-wall carbon nanotubes, was measured up to 800 K with a Differential Scanning Calorimeter.

Carbon nanotube electrodes for electrochemiluminescence biosensors

The present application is based on the use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for biomolecular analysis using electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection technique [1]-[9]. For this purpose we have grown self standing cylinder-shaped blocks of multi-wall CNTs (MWCNTs) by means of a catalytic chemical vapour deposition system, fed by camphor and ferrocene gases. The blocks were subsequently back-contacted and encapsulated into epoxy resin as electrical insulator and sealant, for their use as voltammetric electrodes. A ruthenium-complex solution has been used as ECL label. It has been observed a periodical light emission that lasts for hundreds of cycles, likely due to the CNTs structure. Thanks to a data-processing algorithm which exploits this behavior, the experiments show that it is possible to obtain a great increase in detection limit as compared to the common working metal electrodes (for example Au or Pt).

Hydrogen adsorption in several types of carbon nanotubes

In this work, we aim to study the hydrogen adsorption in several kinds of carbon nanotubes grown under different process conditions and to correlate the findings with the morphological microstructure and physical properties of these materials. The growth conditions and the behaviour with respect to hydrogen interaction of various carbon nanotubes are discussed, to establish microstructure-process-property relationships. In particular, we have analyzed several types of carbon nanotubes, namely one single-walled and five multi-walled having different tube diameter (due to different deposition techniques and conditions), different defectiveness and submitted to different surface treatments. To better understand the differences among the various samples, they have been investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy for the morphological and structural characteristics, thermo-gravimetric analysis for the sample purity and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis for the surface area. The experimental measurements on the ability of the different types of carbon nanotubes to adsorb and/or releasing hydrogen have been performed at 77 K with a volumetric Sievert analytical tool. Our findings clearly demonstrate a direct correlation between the exposed surface area and adsorbed hydrogen capacity, which confirms their linear relationship observed previously. For instance, single-walled nanotubes with surface area density of approximately 800 m2/g have showed hydrogen storage of approximately 1.7 wt% at a pressure of 35 atm. Adsorption process seems to be perfectly reversible. The adsorption values have been compared with a simple model, in order to evaluate the potentialities for carbon-based nanomaterials in future hydrogen storage applications.