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Kim M, Mamin HJ, Sherwood MH, Ohno K, Awschalom DD, Rugar D. Decoherence of Near-Surface Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers Due to Electric Field Noise. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 115:087602. [PMID: 26340208 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.087602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We show that electric field noise from surface charge fluctuations can be a significant source of spin decoherence for near-surface nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. This conclusion is based on the increase in spin coherence observed when the diamond surface is covered with high-dielectric-constant liquids, such as glycerol. Double-resonance experiments show that improved coherence occurs even though the coupling to nearby electron spins is unchanged when the liquid is applied. Multipulse spin-echo experiments reveal the effect of glycerol on the spectrum of NV frequency noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kim
- IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California 95120, USA
| | - H J Mamin
- IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California 95120, USA
| | - M H Sherwood
- IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California 95120, USA
| | - K Ohno
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - D D Awschalom
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - D Rugar
- IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California 95120, USA
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Rugar D, Mamin HJ, Sherwood MH, Kim M, Rettner CT, Ohno K, Awschalom DD. Proton magnetic resonance imaging using a nitrogen-vacancy spin sensor. Nat Nanotechnol 2015; 10:120-124. [PMID: 25531089 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2014.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging, with its ability to provide three-dimensional, elementally selective imaging without radiation damage, has had a revolutionary impact in many fields, especially medicine and the neurosciences. Although challenging, its extension to the nanometre scale could provide a powerful new tool for the nanosciences, especially if it can provide a means for non-destructively visualizing the full three-dimensional morphology of complex nanostructures, including biomolecules. To achieve this potential, innovative new detection strategies are required to overcome the severe sensitivity limitations of conventional inductive detection techniques. One successful example is magnetic resonance force microscopy, which has demonstrated three-dimensional imaging of proton NMR with resolution on the order of 10 nm, but with the requirement of operating at cryogenic temperatures. Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres in diamond offer an alternative detection strategy for nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging that is operable at room temperature. Here, we demonstrate two-dimensional imaging of (1)H NMR from a polymer test sample using a single NV centre in diamond as the sensor. The NV centre detects the oscillating magnetic field from precessing protons as the sample is scanned past the NV centre. A spatial resolution of ∼12 nm is shown, limited primarily by the scan resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rugar
- IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California 95120, USA
| | - H J Mamin
- IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California 95120, USA
| | - M H Sherwood
- IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California 95120, USA
| | - M Kim
- 1] IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California 95120, USA [2] Center for Probing the Nanoscale, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - C T Rettner
- IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California 95120, USA
| | - K Ohno
- Center for Spintronics and Quantum Computation, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - D D Awschalom
- 1] Center for Spintronics and Quantum Computation, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA [2] Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Mamin HJ, Sherwood MH, Kim M, Rettner CT, Ohno K, Awschalom DD, Rugar D. Multipulse double-quantum magnetometry with near-surface nitrogen-vacancy centers. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 113:030803. [PMID: 25083629 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.030803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We discuss multipulse magnetometry that exploits all three magnetic sublevels of the S=1 nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond to achieve enhanced magnetic field sensitivity. Based on dual frequency microwave pulsing, the scheme is twice as sensitive to ac magnetic fields as conventional two-level magnetometry. We derive the spin evolution operator for dual frequency microwave excitation and show its effectiveness for double-quantum state swaps. Using multipulse sequences of up to 128 pulses under optimized conditions, we show enhancement of the SNR by up to a factor of 2 in detecting NMR statistical signals, with a 4× enhancement theoretically possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Mamin
- IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, USA
| | - M H Sherwood
- IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, USA
| | - M Kim
- IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, USA and Center for Probing the Nanoscale, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - C T Rettner
- IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, USA
| | - K Ohno
- Center for Spintronics and Quantum Computation, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - D D Awschalom
- Center for Spintronics and Quantum Computation, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA and Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - D Rugar
- IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, USA
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Mamin HJ, Kim M, Sherwood MH, Rettner CT, Ohno K, Awschalom DD, Rugar D. Nanoscale nuclear magnetic resonance with a nitrogen-vacancy spin sensor. Science 2013; 339:557-60. [PMID: 23372008 DOI: 10.1126/science.1231540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Extension of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to nanoscale samples has been a longstanding challenge because of the insensitivity of conventional detection methods. We demonstrated the use of an individual, near-surface nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond as a sensor to detect proton NMR in an organic sample located external to the diamond. Using a combination of electron spin echoes and proton spin manipulation, we showed that the NV center senses the nanotesla field fluctuations from the protons, enabling both time-domain and spectroscopic NMR measurements on the nanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Mamin
- IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
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Poggio M, Mamin HJ, Degen CL, Sherwood MH, Rugar D. Nuclear double resonance between statistical spin polarizations. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 102:087604. [PMID: 19257789 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.087604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate nuclear double resonance for nanometer-scale volumes of spins where random fluctuations rather than Boltzmann polarization dominate. When the Hartmann-Hahn condition is met in a cross-polarization experiment, flip-flops occur between two species of spins and their fluctuations become coupled. We use magnetic resonance force microscopy to measure this effect between 1H and 13C spins in 13C-enriched stearic acid. The development of a cross-polarization technique for statistical ensembles adds an important tool for generating chemical contrast in nanometer-scale magnetic resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Poggio
- IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, USA
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Sherwood MH, Sigaud G, Yoon DY, Wade CG, Kawasumi M, Percec V. Molecular Order in the Nematic Melt of a Semiflexible Polyether by Deuteron NMR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10587259408036093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. H. Sherwood
- a IBM Research Division , IBM Almaden Research Center , San Jose , CA , 95120-6099
| | - G. Sigaud
- a IBM Research Division , IBM Almaden Research Center , San Jose , CA , 95120-6099
- b IBM World Trade visiting professor. Permanent address: C.R.P.P./C.N.R.S. Ave. A. Schweitzer. , F-33600 , Fessac , France
| | - D. Y. Yoon
- a IBM Research Division , IBM Almaden Research Center , San Jose , CA , 95120-6099
| | - C. G. Wade
- a IBM Research Division , IBM Almaden Research Center , San Jose , CA , 95120-6099
| | - M. Kawasumi
- c Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve Universiry , Cleveland , OH , 44106
| | - V. Percec
- c Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve Universiry , Cleveland , OH , 44106
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Leisen J, Boeffel C, Spiess HW, Yoon DY, Sherwood MH, Kawasumi M, Percec V. Conformational Behavior of the Spacer in a Liquid Crystalline Main-Chain Polymer in Its Nematic and Glassy States. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma00124a033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Vandersypen LM, Steffen M, Breyta G, Yannoni CS, Sherwood MH, Chuang IL. Experimental realization of Shor's quantum factoring algorithm using nuclear magnetic resonance. Nature 2001; 414:883-7. [PMID: 11780055 DOI: 10.1038/414883a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The number of steps any classical computer requires in order to find the prime factors of an l-digit integer N increases exponentially with l, at least using algorithms known at present. Factoring large integers is therefore conjectured to be intractable classically, an observation underlying the security of widely used cryptographic codes. Quantum computers, however, could factor integers in only polynomial time, using Shor's quantum factoring algorithm. Although important for the study of quantum computers, experimental demonstration of this algorithm has proved elusive. Here we report an implementation of the simplest instance of Shor's algorithm: factorization of N = 15 (whose prime factors are 3 and 5). We use seven spin-1/2 nuclei in a molecule as quantum bits, which can be manipulated with room temperature liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. This method of using nuclei to store quantum information is in principle scalable to systems containing many quantum bits, but such scalability is not implied by the present work. The significance of our work lies in the demonstration of experimental and theoretical techniques for precise control and modelling of complex quantum computers. In particular, we present a simple, parameter-free but predictive model of decoherence effects in our system.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Vandersypen
- IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California 95120, USA
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Ito H, Wallraff GM, Fender N, Brock PJ, Larson CE, Truong HD, Breyta G, Miller DC, Sherwood MH, Allen RD. Novel Fluoropolymers for Use in 157nm Lithography. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2001. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.14.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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