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Rühlemann MC, Bang C, Gogarten JF, Hermes BM, Groussin M, Waschina S, Poyet M, Ulrich M, Akoua-Koffi C, Deschner T, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Robbins MM, Surbeck M, Wittig RM, Zuberbühler K, Baines JF, Leendertz FH, Franke A. Functional host-specific adaptation of the intestinal microbiome in hominids. Nat Commun 2024; 15:326. [PMID: 38182626 PMCID: PMC10770139 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44636-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Fine-scale knowledge of the changes in composition and function of the human gut microbiome compared that of our closest relatives is critical for understanding the evolutionary processes underlying its developmental trajectory. To infer taxonomic and functional changes in the gut microbiome across hominids at different timescales, we perform high-resolution metagenomic-based analyzes of the fecal microbiome from over two hundred samples including diverse human populations, as well as wild-living chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas. We find human-associated taxa depleted within non-human apes and patterns of host-specific gut microbiota, suggesting the widespread acquisition of novel microbial clades along the evolutionary divergence of hosts. In contrast, we reveal multiple lines of evidence for a pervasive loss of diversity in human populations in correlation with a high Human Development Index, including evolutionarily conserved clades. Similarly, patterns of co-phylogeny between microbes and hosts are found to be disrupted in humans. Together with identifying individual microbial taxa and functional adaptations that correlate to host phylogeny, these findings offer insights into specific candidates playing a role in the diverging trajectories of the gut microbiome of hominids. We find that repeated horizontal gene transfer and gene loss, as well as the adaptation to transient microaerobic conditions appear to have played a role in the evolution of the human gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Rühlemann
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - C Bang
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - J F Gogarten
- Applied Zoology and Nature Conservation, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Greifswald, Germany
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Viral Evolution, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - B M Hermes
- Evolutionary Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - M Groussin
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - S Waschina
- Nutriinformatics Research Group, Institute for Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - M Poyet
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - M Ulrich
- Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Greifswald, Germany
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Akoua-Koffi
- Training and Research Unit for in Medical Sciences, Alassane Ouattara University / University Teaching Hospital of Bouaké, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - T Deschner
- Comparative BioCognition, Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - J J Muyembe-Tamfum
- National Institute for Biomedical Research, National Laboratory of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - M M Robbins
- Department of Primate Behavior and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Surbeck
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - R M Wittig
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences, CNRS UMR5229 University Lyon 1, Bron Cedex, France
- Taï Chimpanzee Project, CSRS, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - K Zuberbühler
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchatel, Neuchatel, Switzerland
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, UK
| | - J F Baines
- Evolutionary Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - F H Leendertz
- Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Greifswald, Germany
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
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Granjon A, Robbins MM, Arinaitwe J, Cranfield MR, Eckardt W, Mburanumwe I, Musana A, Robbins AM, Roy J, Sollmann R, Vigilant L, Hickey JR. Estimating abundance and growth rates in a wild mountain gorilla population. Anim Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.‐C. Granjon
- Department of Primatology Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany
| | - M. M. Robbins
- Department of Primatology Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany
| | - J. Arinaitwe
- Bwindi Mgahinga Conservation Area Uganda Wildlife Authority Kampala Uganda
| | - M. R. Cranfield
- Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis Davis CA USA
| | - W. Eckardt
- The Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International Musanze Rwanda
| | - I. Mburanumwe
- Parc National des Virunga‐sud Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature Gisenyi Rwanda
| | - A. Musana
- Parc National des Volcans Rwanda Development Board Kigali Rwanda
| | - A. M. Robbins
- Department of Primatology Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany
| | - J. Roy
- Department of Primatology Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany
| | - R. Sollmann
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology University of California Davis Davis CA USA
| | - L. Vigilant
- Department of Primatology Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany
| | - J. R. Hickey
- International Gorilla Conservation Programme Kigali Rwanda
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Neufuss J, Robbins MM, Baeumer J, Humle T, Kivell TL. Gait characteristics of vertical climbing in mountain gorillas and chimpanzees. J Zool (1987) 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Neufuss
- Animal Postcranial Evolution (APE) Laboratory; School of Anthropology and Conservation; Skeletal Biology Research Centre; University of Kent; Canterbury UK
| | - M. M. Robbins
- Department of Primatology; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig Germany
| | - J. Baeumer
- Department of Primatology; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig Germany
| | - T. Humle
- School of Anthropology and Conservation; Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology; University of Kent; Canterbury UK
| | - T. L. Kivell
- Animal Postcranial Evolution (APE) Laboratory; School of Anthropology and Conservation; Skeletal Biology Research Centre; University of Kent; Canterbury UK
- Department of Human Evolution; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig Germany
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Arandjelovic M, Head J, Boesch C, Robbins MM, Vigilant L. Genetic inference of group dynamics and female kin structure in a western lowland gorilla population (<i>Gorilla gorilla gorilla</i>). Primate Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.5194/pb-1-29-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. Dispersal and grouping patterns form the foundations of social interactions in group-living mammals and are the outcomes of a complex interplay between inbreeding avoidance, kin cooperation and competition, predation pressure and food resource distribution. In species where both sexes disperse, the potential for kin-biased associations would seem limited. In one such species, the western lowland gorilla (WLG), short-term data suggest that female kin associations may be present due to directed local dispersal decisions, but monitoring of groups over longer timescales is needed to better elucidate this pattern. Using autosomal genotyping of 419 faecal samples representing 85 unhabituated gorillas collected non-invasively over 5 years in a 132 km2 section of Loango National Park, Gabon, we investigated the dynamics of WLG group composition, social structure and patterns of dispersal. By revealing two group dissolutions, one group formation and the movement of 13 gorillas between groups, this study demonstrates the utility of genetic analysis as a way to track individuals, groups and population dynamics on a larger scale than when monitoring the behaviour of a limited number of habituated groups or through one-time genetic sampling. Furthermore, we find that females are found in groups containing their female kin more often than expected by chance, suggesting that dispersal may not impede female kin associations in WLGs.
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Imong I, Robbins MM, Mundry R, Bergl R, Kühl HS. Distinguishing ecological constraints from human activity in species range fragmentation: the case of Cross River gorillas. Anim Conserv 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Imong
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig Germany
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Nigeria Programme; Calabar Cross River State Nigeria
| | - M. M. Robbins
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig Germany
| | - R. Mundry
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig Germany
| | - R. Bergl
- North Carolina Zoological Park; Asheboro NC USA
| | - H. S. Kühl
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig Germany
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Lukas D, Bradley BJ, Nsubuga AM, Doran-Sheehy D, Robbins MM, Vigilant L. Major histocompatibility complex and microsatellite variation in two populations of wild gorillas. Mol Ecol 2005; 13:3389-402. [PMID: 15487998 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2004.02353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In comparison to their close relatives the chimpanzees and humans, very little is known concerning the amount and structure of genetic variation in gorillas. Two species of gorillas are recognized and while the western gorillas number in the tens of thousands, only several hundred representatives of the mountain gorilla subspecies of eastern gorillas survive. To analyse the possible effects of these different population sizes, this study compares the variation observed at microsatellite and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) loci in samples of wild western and mountain gorillas, collected using a sampling scheme that targeted multiple social groups within defined geographical areas. Noninvasive samples proved a viable source of DNA for sequence analysis of the second exon of the DRB loci of the MHC. Observed levels of variation at the MHC locus were similar between the two gorilla species and were comparable to those in other primates. Comparison of results from analysis of variation at multiple microsatellite loci found only a slight reduction in heterozygosity for the mountain gorillas despite the relatively smaller population size.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lukas
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
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Nsubuga AM, Robbins MM, Roeder AD, Morin PA, Boesch C, Vigilant L. Factors affecting the amount of genomic DNA extracted from ape faeces and the identification of an improved sample storage method. Mol Ecol 2005; 13:2089-94. [PMID: 15189228 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2004.02207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Genetic analysis using noninvasively collected samples such as faeces continues to pose a formidable challenge because of unpredictable variation in the extent to which usable DNA is obtained. We investigated the influence of multiple variables on the quantity of DNA extracted from faecal samples from wild mountain gorillas and chimpanzees. There was a small negative correlation between temperature at time of collection and the amount of DNA obtained. Storage of samples either in RNAlater solution or dried using silica gel beads produced similar results, but significantly higher amounts of DNA were obtained using a novel protocol that combines a short period of storage in ethanol with subsequent desiccation using silica.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Nsubuga
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Abstract
Urinary steroid hormone levels were measured in wild male mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) to determine how levels of testosterone and cortisol corresponded with age and social rank. Urine samples were collected noninvasively from 18 males, ranging in age from 3-26 years, in three groups of wild mountain gorillas at the Karisoke Research Center, Rwanda, Africa, and samples were analyzed using radioimmunoassay procedures. Males were classified as being immature (< 7 years), maturing (10-13 years), or adult (+13 years of age). Immature males had significantly lower levels of testosterone and higher levels of cortisol than both maturing and adult males. No differences in testosterone or cortisol levels were found between maturing and adult males. Dominant males exhibited a trend toward significantly higher levels of testosterone than subordinate males, but no difference was found between cortisol levels of dominant and subordinate males. These results suggest that the increase in testosterone associated with puberty occurs prior to any outward sign of development of secondary sexual characteristics. Within-group male-male competition may affect testosterone levels, but the lack of difference in cortisol levels between dominant and subordinate males suggests that subordinate males are not socially stressed, at least as measured by cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Robbins
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA.
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Abstract
Although mountain gorillas, Gorilla gorilla beringei, are classified as having a one-male mating system, approximately 40% of the social units are multimale groups. I observed two multimale groups of mountain gorillas at the Karisoke Research Center, Rwanda, Africa, for 17 months to determine male mating patterns and male-male mating harassment in relation to both male dominance rank and female reproductive status. Dominant males mated significantly more than did individual subordinate males, and dominant males mated more with cycling adult and pregnant females. The dominant males participated in 47 and 83% of observed matings in the two groups. Subordinate males were more likely than dominant males to mate with subadult females. Eleven of 14 females were observed to mate with more than one male, and multiple males mated with three of the five females observed at the probable time of conception. Mating harassment was initiated and received by both dominant and subordinate males. Mating harassment occurred infrequently (during 30 and 22% of matings in each group), usually consisted of mild aggression, and usually terminated copulations by subordinate males, but not those by dominant males. These results suggest that multimale mountain gorilla groups can be favourable environments for subordinate males to obtain mating opportunities. Dominant males may be unable or unwilling to prevent subordinate males from mating. Based on behavioural observations, mountain gorillas can have a multimale mating system but further research on the role of females in male mating success and paternity determination is needed to understand fully this species' mating system. Copyright 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- MM Robbins
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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