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Rocca P, Galderisi S, Rossi A, Bertolino A, Rucci P, Gibertoni D, Montemagni C, Sigaudo M, Mucci A, Bucci P, Acciavatti T, Aguglia E, Amore M, Bellomo A, De Ronchi D, Dell'Osso L, Di Fabio F, Girardi P, Goracci A, Marchesi C, Monteleone P, Niolu C, Pinna F, Roncone R, Sacchetti E, Santonastaso P, Zeppegno P, Maj M. Social cognition in people with schizophrenia: a cluster-analytic approach. Psychol Med 2016; 46:2717-2729. [PMID: 27649341 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716001100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aimed to subtype patients with schizophrenia on the basis of social cognition (SC), and to identify cut-offs that best discriminate among subtypes in 809 out-patients recruited in the context of the Italian Network for Research on Psychoses. METHOD A two-step cluster analysis of The Awareness of Social Inference Test (TASIT), the Facial Emotion Identification Test and Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test scores was performed. Classification and regression tree analysis was used to identify the cut-offs of variables that best discriminated among clusters. RESULTS We identified three clusters, characterized by unimpaired (42%), impaired (50.4%) and very impaired (7.5%) SC. Three theory-of-mind domains were more important for the cluster definition as compared with emotion perception and emotional intelligence. Patients more able to understand simple sarcasm (⩾14 for TASIT-SS) were very likely to belong to the unimpaired SC cluster. Compared with patients in the impaired SC cluster, those in the very impaired SC cluster performed significantly worse in lie scenes (TASIT-LI <10), but not in simple sarcasm. Moreover, functioning, neurocognition, disorganization and SC had a linear relationship across the three clusters, while positive symptoms were significantly lower in patients with unimpaired SC as compared with patients with impaired and very impaired SC. On the other hand, negative symptoms were highest in patients with impaired levels of SC. CONCLUSIONS If replicated, the identification of such subtypes in clinical practice may help in tailoring rehabilitation efforts to the person's strengths to gain more benefit to the person.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rocca
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry,University of Turin,Turin,Italy
| | - S Galderisi
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Naples SUN,Naples,Italy
| | - A Rossi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Section of Psychiatry,University of L'Aquila,L'Aquila,Italy
| | - A Bertolino
- Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences,University of Bari,Bari,Italy
| | - P Rucci
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences,University of Bologna,Bologna,Italy
| | - D Gibertoni
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences,University of Bologna,Bologna,Italy
| | - C Montemagni
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry,University of Turin,Turin,Italy
| | - M Sigaudo
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry,University of Turin,Turin,Italy
| | - A Mucci
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Naples SUN,Naples,Italy
| | - P Bucci
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Naples SUN,Naples,Italy
| | - T Acciavatti
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry,G. d'Annunzio University,Chieti,Italy
| | - E Aguglia
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Psychiatry Unit,University of Catania,Catania,Italy
| | - M Amore
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, Section of Psychiatry,University of Genoa,Genoa,Italy
| | - A Bellomo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Psychiatry Unit,University of Foggia,Foggia,Italy
| | - D De Ronchi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Section of Psychiatry,University of Bologna,Bologna,Italy
| | - L Dell'Osso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry,University of Pisa,Pisa,Italy
| | - F Di Fabio
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry,Sapienza University of Rome,Rome,Italy
| | - P Girardi
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs,S. Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome,Rome,Italy
| | - A Goracci
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Clinical Department of Mental Health,University of Siena,Siena,Italy
| | - C Marchesi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry Unit,University of Parma,Parma,Italy
| | - P Monteleone
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chair of Psychiatry,University of Salerno,Salerno,Italy
| | - C Niolu
- Department of Systems Medicine, Chair of Psychiatry,Tor Vergata University of Rome,Rome,Italy
| | - F Pinna
- Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Section of Psychiatry,University of Cagliari,Cagliari,Italy
| | - R Roncone
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Psychiatry,University of L'Aquila,L'Aquila,Italy
| | - E Sacchetti
- Psychiatric Unit,School of Medicine, University of Brescia,Brescia,Italy
| | - P Santonastaso
- Psychiatric Clinic, Department of Neurosciences,University of Padua,Padua,Italy
| | - P Zeppegno
- Department of Translational Medicine, Psychiatric Unit,University of Eastern Piedmont,Novara,Italy
| | - M Maj
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Naples SUN,Naples,Italy
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Rocca P, Montemagni C, Mingrone C, Crivelli B, Sigaudo M, Bogetto F. A cluster-analytical approach toward real-world outcome in outpatients with stable schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2016; 32:48-54. [PMID: 26803615 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to empirically identify profiles of functioning, and the correlates of those profiles in a sample of patients with stable schizophrenia in a real-world setting. The second aim was to assess factors associated with best profile membership. METHODS Three hundred and twenty-three outpatients were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. A two-step cluster analysis was used to define groups of patients by using baseline values for the Heinrichs-Carpenter Quality of Life Scale (QLS) total score. Logistic regression was used to construct models of class membership. RESULTS Our study identified three distinct clusters: 50.4% of patients were classified in the "moderate" cluster, 27.9% in the "poor" cluster, 21.7% in the "good" cluster. Membership in the "good" cluster versus the "poor" cluster was characterized by less severe negative (OR=.832) and depressive symptoms (OR=.848), being employed (OR=2.414), having a long-term relationship (OR=.256), and treatment with second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) (OR=3.831). Nagelkerke R(2) for this model was .777. CONCLUSIONS Understanding which factors are associated with better outcomes may direct specific and additional therapeutic interventions, such as treatment with SGAs and supported employment, in order to enhance benefits for patients, as well as to improve the delivery of care in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rocca
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Struttura Semplice di Coordinamento a Valenza Dipartimentale (SSCVD), Department of Mental Health ASL TO1-A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy.
| | - C Montemagni
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Struttura Semplice di Coordinamento a Valenza Dipartimentale (SSCVD), Department of Mental Health ASL TO1-A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - C Mingrone
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Struttura Semplice di Coordinamento a Valenza Dipartimentale (SSCVD), Department of Mental Health ASL TO1-A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - B Crivelli
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Struttura Semplice di Coordinamento a Valenza Dipartimentale (SSCVD), Department of Mental Health ASL TO1-A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - M Sigaudo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Struttura Semplice di Coordinamento a Valenza Dipartimentale (SSCVD), Department of Mental Health ASL TO1-A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - F Bogetto
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Struttura Semplice di Coordinamento a Valenza Dipartimentale (SSCVD), Department of Mental Health ASL TO1-A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
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Colloca L, Sigaudo M, Benedetti F. The role of learning in nocebo and placebo effects. Pain 2008; 136:211-8. [PMID: 18372113 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2008.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Revised: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The nocebo effect consists in delivering verbal suggestions of negative outcomes so that the subject expects clinical worsening. Here we show that nocebo suggestions, in which expectation of pain increase is induced, are capable of producing both hyperalgesic and allodynic responses. By extending previous findings on the placebo effect, we investigated the role of learning in the nocebo effect by means of a conditioning procedure. To do this, verbal suggestions of pain increase were given to healthy volunteers before administration of either tactile or low-intensity painful electrical stimuli. This nocebo procedure was also carried out after a pre-conditioning session in which two different conditioned visual stimuli were associated to either pain or no-pain. Pain perception was assessed by means of a Numerical Rating Scale raging from 0=tactile to 10=maximum imaginable pain. We found that verbal suggestions alone, without prior conditioning, turned tactile stimuli into pain as well as low-intensity painful stimuli into high-intensity pain. A conditioning procedure produced similar effects, without significant differences. Therefore, in contrast to placebo analgesia, whereby a conditioning procedure elicits larger effects compared to verbal suggestions alone, learning seems to be less important in nocebo hyperalgesia. Overall, these findings indicate that, by defining hyperalgesia as an increase in pain sensitivity and allodynia as the perception of pain in response to innocuous stimulation, nocebos can indeed produce both hyperalgesic and allodynic effects. These results also suggest that learning is not important in nocebo hyperalgesia compared to placebo analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Colloca
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin Medical School, and National Institute of Neuroscience, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Turin, Italy.
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