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Zherebtsov DA, Schmidt MU, Niewa R, Sakthidharan CP, Podgornov FV, Matveychuk YV, Nayfert SA, Polozov MA, Ivashevskaya SN, Stash AI, Chen YS, Zhivulin DE, Zhivulin VE, Merzlov SV, Bartashevich EV, Avdin VV, Hsu HS, Guo FW. Two new polymorphs of cis-perinone: crystal structures, physical and electric properties. Acta Crystallogr B Struct Sci Cryst Eng Mater 2019; 75:384-392. [PMID: 32830660 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520619003287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The crystal structures of two polymorphs of cis-perinone (bisbenzimidazo[2,1-b:1',2'-j]benzo[lmn][3,8]phenanthroline-6,9-dione, Pigment Red 194) were solved from single crystals obtained solvothermally from 1,2-dichlorobenzene or n-butanol at 220°C. Both crystal structures (space group P21/c) derive from stacking of flat molecules arranged due to π-π interaction. The melting points of these two polymorphs are 471°C and 468°C and their respective optical bandgaps are 1.94 eV and 1.71 eV. One of the polymorphs demonstrates drift and hopping mechanisms of electric conductivity, whereas the other one is dominated by the drift conductivity. The direct current (DC) electric conductivity of the samples are 4.77 × 10-13 S m-1 and 6.84 × 10-10 S m-1 at room temperature. The significant difference in DC conductivities can be explained by the dependence of the mobility and concentration of charge carriers on the structure of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Zherebtsov
- Material Science, South Ural State University, pr. Lenina, 76, Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russian Federation
| | - M U Schmidt
- Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - R Niewa
- University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - C P Sakthidharan
- Material Science, South Ural State University, pr. Lenina, 76, Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russian Federation
| | - F V Podgornov
- Material Science, South Ural State University, pr. Lenina, 76, Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russian Federation
| | - Y V Matveychuk
- Material Science, South Ural State University, pr. Lenina, 76, Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russian Federation
| | - S A Nayfert
- Material Science, South Ural State University, pr. Lenina, 76, Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russian Federation
| | - M A Polozov
- Material Science, South Ural State University, pr. Lenina, 76, Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russian Federation
| | | | - A I Stash
- Material Science, South Ural State University, pr. Lenina, 76, Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russian Federation
| | - Yu Sheng Chen
- ChemMatCARS, Advance Photon Source, University of Chicago, Argonne, Illinois, USA
| | - D E Zhivulin
- Material Science, South Ural State University, pr. Lenina, 76, Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russian Federation
| | - V E Zhivulin
- Material Science, South Ural State University, pr. Lenina, 76, Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russian Federation
| | - S V Merzlov
- Material Science, South Ural State University, pr. Lenina, 76, Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russian Federation
| | - E V Bartashevich
- Material Science, South Ural State University, pr. Lenina, 76, Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russian Federation
| | - V V Avdin
- Material Science, South Ural State University, pr. Lenina, 76, Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russian Federation
| | - Hua Shu Hsu
- National Pingtung University, Pingtung, Taiwan
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Dittrich B, Fabbiani FPA, Henn J, Schmidt MU, Macchi P, Meindl K, Spackman MA. Azulene revisited: solid-state structure, invariom modeling and lattice-energy minimization of a classical example of disorder. Acta Crystallogr B Struct Sci Cryst Eng Mater 2018; 74:416-426. [DOI: 10.1107/s2052520618010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The molecular and solid-state structure of azulene both raise fundamental questions. Therefore, the disordered crystal structure of azulene was re-refined with invariom non-spherical atomic scattering factors from new single-crystal X-ray diffraction data with a resolution of d = 0.45 Å. An unconstrained refinement results in a molecular geometry with C
s
symmetry. Refinements constrained to fulfill C
2v
symmetry, as observed in the gas phase and in high-level ab initio calculations, lead to similar figures of merit and residual densities as unconstrained ones. Such models are consistent with the structures from microwave spectroscopy and electron diffraction, albeit they are not the same. It is shown that for the disorder present in azulene, the invariom model describes valence electron density as successfully as it does for non-disordered structures, although the disorder still leads to high correlations mainly between positional parameters. Lattice-energy minimizations on a variety of ordered model structures using dispersion-corrected DFT calculations reveal that the local deviations from the average structure are small. Despite the molecular dipole moment there is no significant molecular ordering in any spatial direction. A superposition of all ordered model structures leads to a calculated average structure, which explains not only the experimental determined atomic coordinates, but also the apparently unusual experimental anisotropic displacement parameters.
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Gorelik TE, Czech C, Hammer SM, Schmidt MU. Crystal structure of disordered nanocrystalline αII-quinacridone determined by electron diffraction. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce01855b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The nanocrystalline αII-phase of the industrially produced organic pigment quinacridone was studied by 3D electron diffraction. The average crystal structure was obtained directly from the data and validated by energy minimization. A model describing the experimentally observed diffuse scattering was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. E. Gorelik
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- University of Mainz
- Mainz, Germany
| | - C. Czech
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main
- Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S. M. Hammer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main
- Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M. U. Schmidt
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main
- Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Fink L, Podgorski D, Krysiak Y, Schmidt MU, Correll S, Hartmann T. Recent results in PDF calculations using a Stoe STADI P with Ag Kα 1radiation and a Dectris MYTHEN 1K detector. Acta Crystallogr A 2013. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767313095056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Mörschel P, Schmidt MU. QUANTUMCRYSCA: a new approach for the prediction of molecular crystal structures by a crystallographic QM-MM shell model. Acta Crystallogr A 2012. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767312097863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Teteruk J, Schmidt MU, Gorelik T, Linden A. Stacking disorder in Pigment Red 170 explained by lattice-energy minimizations. Acta Crystallogr A 2012. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767312095384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Brüning J, Alig E, Nachtsheim B, Bolte M, Schmidt MU. Crystal structures of the osteoporosis drug risedronate. Acta Crystallogr A 2007. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767307096237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Schmidt MU, Hammer SM, Fries E. Absorption and adsorption of ETBE and mesitylene in and on ice. Acta Crystallogr A 2007. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767307099114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Brüning J, Bolte M, Plüg C, Metz T, Schmidt MU. Mesoionic fluorescent organic yellow pigment. Acta Crystallogr A 2006. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767306095717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Wolf A, Glinnemann J, Schmidt MU, Köhler J. Explaining the packing of tetrahedral molecules. Acta Crystallogr A 2006. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767306096401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
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Hammer SM, Panisch R, Kobus M, Schmidt MU. Simulation of the absorption of acetone on ice at surfaces, bulk ice and small-angle grain boundaries. Acta Crystallogr A 2006. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767306096565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Schmidt MU. Quantitative explanation for the stacking disorder in tris(bicyclo[2.2.1]hexeno)benzene. Acta Crystallogr A 2006. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767306096322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Day GM, Motherwell WDS, Ammon HL, Boerrigter SXM, Della Valle RG, Venuti E, Dzyabchenko A, Dunitz JD, Schweizer B, van Eijck BP, Erk P, Facelli JC, Bazterra VE, Ferraro MB, Hofmann DWM, Leusen FJJ, Liang C, Pantelides CC, Karamertzanis PG, Price SL, Lewis TC, Nowell H, Torrisi A, Scheraga HA, Arnautova YA, Schmidt MU, Verwer P. A third blind test of crystal structure prediction. Acta Crystallogr B Struct Sci 2005; 61:511-27. [PMID: 16186652 DOI: 10.1107/s0108768105016563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2004] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Following the interest generated by two previous blind tests of crystal structure prediction (CSP1999 and CSP2001), a third such collaborative project (CSP2004) was hosted by the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre. A range of methodologies used in searching for and ranking the likelihood of predicted crystal structures is represented amongst the 18 participating research groups, although most are based on the global minimization of the lattice energy. Initially the participants were given molecular diagrams of three molecules and asked to submit three predictions for the most likely crystal structure of each. Unlike earlier blind tests, no restriction was placed on the possible space group of the target crystal structures. Furthermore, Z′ = 2 structures were allowed. Part-way through the test, a partial structure report was discovered for one of the molecules, which could no longer be considered a blind test. Hence, a second molecule from the same category (small, rigid with common atom types) was offered to the participants as a replacement. Success rates within the three submitted predictions were lower than in the previous tests – there was only one successful prediction for any of the three `blind' molecules. For the `simplest' rigid molecule, this lack of success is partly due to the observed structure crystallizing with two molecules in the asymmetric unit. As in the 2001 blind test, there was no success in predicting the structure of the flexible molecule. The results highlight the necessity for better energy models, capable of simultaneously describing conformational and packing energies with high accuracy. There is also a need for improvements in search procedures for crystals with more than one independent molecule, as well as for molecules with conformational flexibility. These are necessary requirements for the prediction of possible thermodynamically favoured polymorphs. Which of these are actually realised is also influenced by as yet insufficiently understood processes of nucleation and crystal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Day
- The Pfizer Institute for Pharmaceutical Materials Science, University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.
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Schauerte C, Buchsbaum C, Fink L, Hofmann DWM, Schmidt MU, Knipping J, Boese R. Crystal structures of trans- and cis-octenes. Acta Crystallogr A 2005. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767305087611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Brüning J, Djanhan JE, Bolte M, Schmidt MU. Crystal structures of fluorescent bisazomethine pigments. Acta Crystallogr A 2005. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767305088057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Schmidt MU. Crystal engineering on organic pigments. Acta Crystallogr A 2005. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767305096029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Schmidt MU, Djanhan JE, Metz T, Bolte M. Unexpected solid-state fluorescence of an organic pigment. Acta Crystallogr A 2004. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767304098629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Buchsbaum C, Schmidt MU. Structure determination from powder diagrams by crystal structure prediction. Acta Crystallogr A 2004. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767304098733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
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Schmidt MU, Dinnebier RE, Kalkhof H. Crystal Structure Predictions, and Their Use for Solving Crystal Structures from Powder Data. Acta Crystallogr A 2000. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767300023187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Lommerse JP, Motherwell WD, Ammon HL, Dunitz JD, Gavezzotti A, Hofmann DW, Leusen FJ, Mooij WT, Price SL, Schweizer B, Schmidt MU, Verwer P, Williams DE. A test of crystal structure prediction of small organic molecules. Acta Crystallogr B 2000; 56:697-714. [PMID: 10944263 DOI: 10.1107/s0108768100004584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/1999] [Accepted: 02/15/2000] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A collaborative workshop was held in May 1999 at the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre to test how well currently available methods of crystal structure prediction perform when given only the atomic connectivity for an organic compound. A blind test was conducted on a selection of four compounds and a wide range of methodologies representing, the principal computer programs currently available were used. There were 11 participants who were allowed to propose at most three structures for each compound. No program gave consistently reliable results. However, seven proposed structures were close to an experimental one and were classified as "correct". One compound occurred in two polymorphs, but only one form was predicted correctly among the calculated structures. The basic problem with lattice energy based methods of crystal structure prediction is that many structures are found within a few kJ mol(-1) of the global minimum. The fine detail of the force-field methodology and parametrization influences the energy ranking within each method. Nevertheless, present methods may be useful in providing a set of structures as possible polymorphs for a given molecular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Lommerse
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, England, UK.
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