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Ziemann M, Strasser J, Krips M, Yang YT, Pittman P. How Governor Directives Changed Health Workforce Flexibility in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Public Health Rep 2023; 138:78S-89S. [PMID: 37226941 DOI: 10.1177/00333549221132534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In times of heightened population health needs, the health workforce must respond quickly and efficiently, especially at the state level. We examined state governors' executive orders related to 2 key health workforce flexibility issues, scope of practice (SOP) and licensing, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS We conducted an in-depth document review of state governors' executive orders introduced in 2020 in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. We conducted a thematic content analysis of the executive order language using an inductive process and then categorized executive orders by profession (advanced practice registered nurses, physician assistants, and pharmacists) and degree of flexibility granted; for licensing, we indicated yes or no for easing or waiving cross-state regulatory barriers. RESULTS We identified executive orders in 36 states containing explicit directives addressing SOP or out-of-state licensing, with those in 20 states easing regulatory barriers pertaining to both workforce issues. Seventeen states issued executive orders expanding SOP for advanced practice nurses and physician assistants, most commonly by completely waiving physician practice agreements, while those in 9 states expanded pharmacist SOP. Executive orders in 31 states and the District of Columbia eased or waived out-of-state licensing regulatory barriers, usually for all health care professionals. CONCLUSION Governor directives issued through executive orders played an important role in expanding health workforce flexibility in the first year of the pandemic, especially in states with restrictive practice regulations prior to COVID-19. Future research should examine what effects these temporary flexibilities may have had on patient and practice outcomes or on permanent efforts to relax practice restrictions for health care professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Ziemann
- Fitzhugh Mullan Institute for Health Workforce Equity, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Julia Strasser
- Fitzhugh Mullan Institute for Health Workforce Equity, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Maddie Krips
- Fitzhugh Mullan Institute for Health Workforce Equity, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Y Tony Yang
- School of Nursing, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Patricia Pittman
- Fitzhugh Mullan Institute for Health Workforce Equity, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Clerical burdens have strained primary care providers already facing a shifting health care landscape and workforce shortages. These pressures may cause burnout and job dissatisfaction, with negative implications for patient care. Medical scribes, who perform real-time electronic health record documentation, have been posited as a solution to relieve clerical burdens, thus improving provider satisfaction and other outcomes. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to identify and synthesize the published research on medical scribe utilization in primary care and safety net settings. RESEARCH DESIGN We conducted a review of the literature to identify outcomes studies published between 2010 and 2020 assessing medical scribe utilization in primary care settings. Searches were conducted in PubMed and supplemented by a review of the gray literature. Articles for inclusion were reviewed by the study authors and synthesized based on study characteristics, medical scribe tasks, and reported outcomes. RESULTS We identified 21 publications for inclusion, including 5 that examined scribes in health care safety net settings. Scribe utilization was consistently reported as being associated with improved productivity and efficiency, provider experience, and documentation quality. Findings for patient experience were mixed. CONCLUSIONS Published studies indicate scribe utilization in primary care may improve productivity, clinic and provider efficiencies, and provider experience without diminishing the patient experience. Further large-scale research is needed to validate the reliability of study findings and assess additional outcomes, including how scribes enhance providers' ability to advance health equity.
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König S, Martín S, Muller S, Cernicharo J, Sakamoto K, Zschaechner LK, Humphreys EML, Mroczkowski T, Krips M, Galametz M, Aalto S, Vlemmings WHT, Ott J, Meier DS, Fuente A, García-Burillo S, Neri R. Sub-arcsecond imaging of the water emission in Arp 220. Astron Astrophys 2017; 602:A42. [PMID: 29151605 PMCID: PMC5687566 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201630331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Extragalactic observations of water emission can provide valuable insights into the excitation of the interstellar medium. In particular they allow us to investigate the excitation mechanisms in obscured nuclei, i.e. whether an active galactic nucleus or a starburst dominate. METHODS We use sub-arcsecond resolution observations to tackle the nature of the water emission in Arp 220. ALMA Band 5 science verification observations of the 183 GHz H2O 313-220 line, in conjunction with new ALMA Band 7 H2O 515-422 data at 325 GHz, and supplementary 22 GHz H2O 616 - 523 VLA observations, are used to better constrain the parameter space in the excitation modelling of the water lines. RESULTS We detect 183 GHz H2O and 325 GHz water emission towards the two compact nuclei at the center of Arp 220, being brighter in Arp 220 West. The emission at these two frequencies is compared to previous single-dish data and does not show evidence of variability. The 183 and 325 GHz lines show similar spectra and kinematics, but the 22 GHz profile is significantly different in both nuclei due to a blend with an NH3 absorption line. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the most likely scenario to cause the observed water emission in Arp 220 is a large number of independent masers originating from numerous star-forming regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S König
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Onsala Space Observatory, 43992 Onsala, Sweden
| | - S Martín
- European Southern Observatory (ESO), Alonso de Córdova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 19001, 763 0355, Santiago, Chile
- Joint ALMA Observatory, Alonso de Córdova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 19001, 763 0355, Santiago, Chile
| | - S Muller
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Onsala Space Observatory, 43992 Onsala, Sweden
| | - J Cernicharo
- Grupo de Astrofísica Molecular, Instituto de CC. de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - K Sakamoto
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, PO Box 23-141, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - L K Zschaechner
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - E M L Humphreys
- European Southern Observatory (ESO), Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - T Mroczkowski
- European Southern Observatory (ESO), Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - M Krips
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, Domaine Universitaire, 38406, Saint Martin d'Hères, France
| | - M Galametz
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA/IRFU/Service d'Astrophysique, Bât. 709, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- European Southern Observatory (ESO), Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - S Aalto
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Onsala Space Observatory, 43992 Onsala, Sweden
| | - W H T Vlemmings
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Onsala Space Observatory, 43992 Onsala, Sweden
| | - J Ott
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), P.O. Box O, 1003 Lopezville Road, Socorro, NM 87801, USA
| | - D S Meier
- New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM, USA
| | - A Fuente
- Observatorio Astronómico Nacional (OAN, IGN), Apdo 112, 28803, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - S García-Burillo
- Observatorio de Madrid, OAN-IGN, Alfonso XII, 3, 28014, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Neri
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, Domaine Universitaire, 38406, Saint Martin d'Hères, France
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Geach JE, Hickox RC, Diamond-Stanic AM, Krips M, Rudnick GH, Tremonti CA, Sell PH, Coil AL, Moustakas J. Stellar feedback as the origin of an extended molecular outflow in a starburst galaxy. Nature 2014; 516:68-70. [PMID: 25471881 DOI: 10.1038/nature14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent observations have revealed that starburst galaxies can drive molecular gas outflows through stellar radiation pressure. Molecular gas is the phase of the interstellar medium from which stars form, so these outflows curtail stellar mass growth in galaxies. Previously known outflows, however, involve small fractions of the total molecular gas content and have typical scales of less than a kiloparsec. In at least some cases, input from active galactic nuclei is dynamically important, so pure stellar feedback (the momentum return into the interstellar medium) has been considered incapable of rapidly terminating star formation on galactic scales. Molecular gas has been detected outside the galactic plane of the archetypal starburst galaxy M82 (refs 4 and 5), but so far there has been no evidence that starbursts can propel substantial quantities of cold molecular gas to the same galactocentric radius (about 10 kiloparsecs) as the warmer gas that has been traced by metal ion absorbers in the circumgalactic medium. Here we report observations of molecular gas in a compact (effective radius 100 parsecs) massive starburst galaxy at redshift 0.7, which is known to drive a fast outflow of ionized gas. We find that 35 per cent of the total molecular gas extends approximately 10 kiloparsecs, and one-third of this extended gas has a velocity of up to 1,000 kilometres per second. The kinetic energy associated with this high-velocity component is consistent with the momentum flux available from stellar radiation pressure. This demonstrates that nuclear bursts of star formation are capable of ejecting large amounts of cold gas from the central regions of galaxies, thereby strongly affecting their evolution by truncating star formation and redistributing matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Geach
- Centre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB, UK
| | - R C Hickox
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - A M Diamond-Stanic
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Krips
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, France
| | - G H Rudnick
- 1] Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA [2] Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C A Tremonti
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - P H Sell
- Department of Physics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1051, USA
| | - A L Coil
- Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - J Moustakas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Siena College, 515 Loudon Road, Loudonville, New York 12211, USA
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Swinbank AM, Smail I, Longmore S, Harris AI, Baker AJ, De Breuck C, Richard J, Edge AC, Ivison RJ, Blundell R, Coppin KEK, Cox P, Gurwell M, Hainline LJ, Krips M, Lundgren A, Neri R, Siana B, Siringo G, Stark DP, Wilner D, Younger JD. Intense star formation within resolved compact regions in a galaxy at z = 2.3. Nature 2010; 464:733-6. [PMID: 20305639 DOI: 10.1038/nature08880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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