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Vélez-Reyes GL, Koes N, Ryu JH, Kaufmann G, Berner M, Weg MT, Wolf NK, Rathe SK, Ratner N, Moriarity BS, Largaespada DA. Transposon Mutagenesis-Guided CRISPR/Cas9 Screening Strongly Implicates Dysregulation of Hippo/YAP Signaling in Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor Development. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071584. [PMID: 33808166 PMCID: PMC8038069 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are highly aggressive tumors with a complex genetic landscape. Patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 syndrome (NF1) are at a high risk of MPNSTs, which usually develop from pre-existing benign Schwann cell tumors called plexiform neurofibromas. In this study, we aimed to find genes that, when altered, resulted in MPNST development. Our results suggest that the functional genetic landscape of human MPNST is complex and implicates the hippo/Yes Activated Protein (YAP) pathway in the transformation of neurofibromas. Abstract Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are highly aggressive, genomically complex, have soft tissue sarcomas, and are derived from the Schwann cell lineage. Patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 syndrome (NF1), an autosomal dominant tumor predisposition syndrome, are at a high risk for MPNSTs, which usually develop from pre-existing benign Schwann cell tumors called plexiform neurofibromas. NF1 is characterized by loss-of-function mutations in the NF1 gene, which encode neurofibromin, a Ras GTPase activating protein (GAP) and negative regulator of RasGTP-dependent signaling. In addition to bi-allelic loss of NF1, other known tumor suppressor genes include TP53, CDKN2A, SUZ12, and EED, all of which are often inactivated in the process of MPNST growth. A sleeping beauty (SB) transposon-based genetic screen for high-grade Schwann cell tumors in mice, and comparative genomics, implicated Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K-AKT-mTOR, and other pathways in MPNST development and progression. We endeavored to more systematically test genes and pathways implicated by our SB screen in mice, i.e., in a human immortalized Schwann cell-based model and a human MPNST cell line, using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. We individually induced loss-of-function mutations in 103 tumor suppressor genes (TSG) and oncogene candidates. We assessed anchorage-independent growth, transwell migration, and for a subset of genes, tumor formation in vivo. When tested in a loss-of-function fashion, about 60% of all TSG candidates resulted in the transformation of immortalized human Schwann cells, whereas 30% of oncogene candidates resulted in growth arrest in a MPNST cell line. Individual loss-of-function mutations in the TAOK1, GDI2, NF1, and APC genes resulted in transformation of immortalized human Schwann cells and tumor formation in a xenograft model. Moreover, the loss of all four of these genes resulted in activation of Hippo/Yes Activated Protein (YAP) signaling. By combining SB transposon mutagenesis and CRISPR/Cas9 screening, we established a useful pipeline for the validation of MPNST pathways and genes. Our results suggest that the functional genetic landscape of human MPNST is complex and implicate the Hippo/YAP pathway in the transformation of neurofibromas. It is thus imperative to functionally validate individual cancer genes and pathways using human cell-based models, to determinate their role in different stages of MPNST development, growth, and/or metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán L. Vélez-Reyes
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (N.K.); (J.H.R.); (G.K.); (M.B.); (M.T.W.); (N.K.W.); (S.K.R.); (B.S.M.); (D.A.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nicholas Koes
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (N.K.); (J.H.R.); (G.K.); (M.B.); (M.T.W.); (N.K.W.); (S.K.R.); (B.S.M.); (D.A.L.)
| | - Ji Hae Ryu
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (N.K.); (J.H.R.); (G.K.); (M.B.); (M.T.W.); (N.K.W.); (S.K.R.); (B.S.M.); (D.A.L.)
| | - Gabriel Kaufmann
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (N.K.); (J.H.R.); (G.K.); (M.B.); (M.T.W.); (N.K.W.); (S.K.R.); (B.S.M.); (D.A.L.)
| | - Mariah Berner
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (N.K.); (J.H.R.); (G.K.); (M.B.); (M.T.W.); (N.K.W.); (S.K.R.); (B.S.M.); (D.A.L.)
| | - Madison T. Weg
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (N.K.); (J.H.R.); (G.K.); (M.B.); (M.T.W.); (N.K.W.); (S.K.R.); (B.S.M.); (D.A.L.)
| | - Natalie K. Wolf
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (N.K.); (J.H.R.); (G.K.); (M.B.); (M.T.W.); (N.K.W.); (S.K.R.); (B.S.M.); (D.A.L.)
| | - Susan K. Rathe
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (N.K.); (J.H.R.); (G.K.); (M.B.); (M.T.W.); (N.K.W.); (S.K.R.); (B.S.M.); (D.A.L.)
| | - Nancy Ratner
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Branden S. Moriarity
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (N.K.); (J.H.R.); (G.K.); (M.B.); (M.T.W.); (N.K.W.); (S.K.R.); (B.S.M.); (D.A.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David A. Largaespada
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (N.K.); (J.H.R.); (G.K.); (M.B.); (M.T.W.); (N.K.W.); (S.K.R.); (B.S.M.); (D.A.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Kurata M, Wolf NK, Lahr WS, Weg MT, Kluesner MG, Lee S, Hui K, Shiraiwa M, Webber BR, Moriarity BS. Highly multiplexed genome engineering using CRISPR/Cas9 gRNA arrays. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198714. [PMID: 30222773 PMCID: PMC6141065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 system is an RNA guided nuclease system that evolved as a mechanism of adaptive immunity in bacteria. This system has been adopted for numerous genome engineering applications in research and recently, therapeutics. The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been largely implemented by delivery of Cas9 as protein, RNA, or plasmid along with a chimeric crRNA-tracrRNA guide RNA (gRNA) under the expression of a pol III promoter, such as U6. Using this approach, multiplex genome engineering has been achieved by delivering several U6-gRNA plasmids targeting multiple loci. However, this approach is limited due to the efficiently of delivering multiple plasmids to a single cell at one time. To augment the capability and accessibility of multiplexed genome engineering, we developed an efficient golden gate based method to assemble gRNAs linked by optimal Csy4 ribonuclease sequences to deliver up to 10 gRNAs as a single gRNA array transcript. Here we report the optimal expression of our guide RNA array under a strong pol II promoter. This system can be implemented alongside the myriad of CRISPR applications, allowing users to model complex biological processes requiring numerous gRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morito Kurata
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natalie K. Wolf
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Walker S. Lahr
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Madison T. Weg
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Mitchell G. Kluesner
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Samantha Lee
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Kai Hui
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Masano Shiraiwa
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Beau R. Webber
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Branden S. Moriarity
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
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Mirabello L, Koster R, Moriarity BS, Spector LG, Meltzer PS, Gary J, Machiela MJ, Pankratz N, Panagiotou OA, Largaespada D, Wang Z, Gastier-Foster JM, Gorlick R, Khanna C, de Toledo SRC, Petrilli AS, Patiño-Garcia A, Sierrasesúmaga L, Lecanda F, Andrulis IL, Wunder JS, Gokgoz N, Serra M, Hattinger C, Picci P, Scotlandi K, Flanagan AM, Tirabosco R, Amary MF, Halai D, Ballinger ML, Thomas DM, Davis S, Barkauskas DA, Marina N, Helman L, Otto GM, Becklin KL, Wolf NK, Weg MT, Tucker M, Wacholder S, Fraumeni JF, Caporaso NE, Boland JF, Hicks BD, Vogt A, Burdett L, Yeager M, Hoover RN, Chanock SJ, Savage SA. A Genome-Wide Scan Identifies Variants in NFIB Associated with Metastasis in Patients with Osteosarcoma. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:920-31. [PMID: 26084801 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Metastasis is the leading cause of death in patients with osteosarcoma, the most common pediatric bone malignancy. We conducted a multistage genome-wide association study of osteosarcoma metastasis at diagnosis in 935 osteosarcoma patients to determine whether germline genetic variation contributes to risk of metastasis. We identified an SNP, rs7034162, in NFIB significantly associated with metastasis in European osteosarcoma cases, as well as in cases of African and Brazilian ancestry (meta-analysis of all cases: P = 1.2 × 10(-9); OR, 2.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.83-3.24). The risk allele was significantly associated with lowered NFIB expression, which led to increased osteosarcoma cell migration, proliferation, and colony formation. In addition, a transposon screen in mice identified a significant proportion of osteosarcomas harboring inactivating insertions in Nfib and with lowered NFIB expression. These data suggest that germline genetic variation at rs7034162 is important in osteosarcoma metastasis and that NFIB is an osteosarcoma metastasis susceptibility gene. SIGNIFICANCE Metastasis at diagnosis in osteosarcoma is the leading cause of death in these patients. Here we show data that are supportive for the NFIB locus as associated with metastatic potential in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mirabello
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Roelof Koster
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Branden S Moriarity
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Logan G Spector
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Paul S Meltzer
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joy Gary
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Mitchell J Machiela
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nathan Pankratz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Orestis A Panagiotou
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David Largaespada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Julie M Gastier-Foster
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, and The Ohio State University Department of Pathology and Pediatrics, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Richard Gorlick
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York
| | - Chand Khanna
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Ana Patiño-Garcia
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinic of Navarra, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luis Sierrasesúmaga
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinic of Navarra, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fernando Lecanda
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinic of Navarra, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Irene L Andrulis
- University of Toronto, Litwin Centre for Cancer Genetics, Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jay S Wunder
- University of Toronto, Litwin Centre for Cancer Genetics, Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nalan Gokgoz
- University of Toronto, Litwin Centre for Cancer Genetics, Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Massimo Serra
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Orthopaedic Rizzoli Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Hattinger
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Orthopaedic Rizzoli Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Piero Picci
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Orthopaedic Rizzoli Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Katia Scotlandi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Orthopaedic Rizzoli Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Adrienne M Flanagan
- University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom. Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital National Health Service Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Tirabosco
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital National Health Service Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Fernanda Amary
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital National Health Service Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Dina Halai
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital National Health Service Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | | | - David M Thomas
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sean Davis
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Donald A Barkauskas
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Neyssa Marina
- Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, California
| | - Lee Helman
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - George M Otto
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kelsie L Becklin
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Natalie K Wolf
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Madison T Weg
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Margaret Tucker
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sholom Wacholder
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joseph F Fraumeni
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Neil E Caporaso
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joseph F Boland
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Belynda D Hicks
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Aurelie Vogt
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Laurie Burdett
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Meredith Yeager
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Robert N Hoover
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sharon A Savage
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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Moriarity BS, Otto GM, Rahrmann EP, Rathe SK, Wolf NK, Weg MT, Manlove LA, LaRue RS, Temiz NA, Molyneux SD, Choi K, Holly KJ, Sarver AL, Scott MC, Forster CL, Modiano JF, Khanna C, Hewitt SM, Khokha R, Yang Y, Gorlick R, Dyer MA, Largaespada DA. A Sleeping Beauty forward genetic screen identifies new genes and pathways driving osteosarcoma development and metastasis. Nat Genet 2015; 47:615-24. [PMID: 25961939 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcomas are sarcomas of the bone, derived from osteoblasts or their precursors, with a high propensity to metastasize. Osteosarcoma is associated with massive genomic instability, making it problematic to identify driver genes using human tumors or prototypical mouse models, many of which involve loss of Trp53 function. To identify the genes driving osteosarcoma development and metastasis, we performed a Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon-based forward genetic screen in mice with and without somatic loss of Trp53. Common insertion site (CIS) analysis of 119 primary tumors and 134 metastatic nodules identified 232 sites associated with osteosarcoma development and 43 sites associated with metastasis, respectively. Analysis of CIS-associated genes identified numerous known and new osteosarcoma-associated genes enriched in the ErbB, PI3K-AKT-mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways. Lastly, we identified several oncogenes involved in axon guidance, including Sema4d and Sema6d, which we functionally validated as oncogenes in human osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branden S Moriarity
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [2] Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [3] Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - George M Otto
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [2] Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [3] Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [4] Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eric P Rahrmann
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [2] Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [3] Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [4] Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Susan K Rathe
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Natalie K Wolf
- 1] Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [2] Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Madison T Weg
- 1] Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [2] Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Luke A Manlove
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rebecca S LaRue
- 1] Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [2] Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nuri A Temiz
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Kwangmin Choi
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kevin J Holly
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Aaron L Sarver
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Milcah C Scott
- 1] Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [2] Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Colleen L Forster
- BioNet, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jaime F Modiano
- 1] Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [2] Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. [3] Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Chand Khanna
- Tumor and Metastasis Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Tissue Array Research Program (TARP), Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rama Khokha
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Richard Gorlick
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York, USA. [2] Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Michael A Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - David A Largaespada
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [2] Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [3] Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [4] Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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