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Chudal R, Tiiri E, Brunstein Klomek A, Ong SH, Fossum S, Kaneko H, Kolaitis G, Lesinskiene S, Li L, Huong MN, Praharaj SK, Sillanmäki L, Slobodskaya HR, Srabstein JC, Wiguna T, Zamani Z, Sourander A. Victimization by traditional bullying and cyberbullying and the combination of these among adolescents in 13 European and Asian countries. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 31:1391-1404. [PMID: 33884501 PMCID: PMC9402766 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01779-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
There has been a lack of studies on bullying in non-western low-income and middle-income countries. This study reported the prevalence of traditional victimization, cybervictimization, and the combination of these, in 13 European and Asian countries, and explored how psychiatric symptoms were associated with victimization. The data for this cross-sectional, school-based study of 21,688 adolescents aged 13-15 were collected from 2011 to 2017. The main outcomes were traditional and cybervictimization obtained from student self-reports. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire was used to assess psychiatric symptoms. Generalized estimating equation and logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). The mean prevalence of any victimization was 28.9%, of traditional victimization only, this was 17.7%, and for cybervictimization only this was 5.1%. Cybervictimization occurred both independently, and in combination with, traditional victimization. The mean prevalence of combined victimization was 6.1%. The mean proportion of those who were cyberbullied only among those who were either cyberbullied only or bullied both traditionally and in cyber was 45.1%. The rates of prevalence varied widely between countries. In the total sample, those who experienced combined victimization, reported the highest internalizing symptoms (girls, OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.22-1.29; boys, OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.25-1.33). The study findings suggest that anti-bullying interventions should include mental health components and target both traditional and cyberbullying. Due to the overlap between these, targeting bullying should primarily focus on how to reduce bullying behavior rather than just focusing on where bullying takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Chudal
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Elina Tiiri
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Anat Brunstein Klomek
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzlyia, Israel
| | - Say How Ong
- Department of Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sturla Fossum
- The Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hitoshi Kaneko
- Psychological Support and Research Center for Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Gerasimos Kolaitis
- Department of Child Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Sigita Lesinskiene
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinic of Psychiatry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Liping Li
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Mai Nguyen Huong
- Department of Psychiatry, Vietnam National Children's Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Samir Kumar Praharaj
- Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Lauri Sillanmäki
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Helena R Slobodskaya
- Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Jorge C Srabstein
- Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's National, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tjhin Wiguna
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia-Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Zahra Zamani
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andre Sourander
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
- Psychological Support and Research Center for Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia-Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
- INVEST Research Flagship, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Mori Y, Tiiri E, Lempinen L, Klomek AB, Kolaitis G, Slobodskaya HR, Kaneko H, Srabstein JC, Li L, Huong MN, Praharaj SK, Ong SH, Lesinskiene S, Kyrrestad H, Wiguna T, Zamani Z, Sillanmäki L, Sourander A. Feeling Unsafe at School Among Adolescents in 13 Asian and European Countries: Occurrence and Associated Factors. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:823609. [PMID: 35546950 PMCID: PMC9082541 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.823609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on perceived school safety has been largely limited to studies conducted in Western countries and there has been a lack of large-scale cross-national studies on the topic. METHODS The present study examined the occurrence of adolescents who felt unsafe at school and the associated factors of perceived school safety in 13 Asian and European countries. The data were based on 21,688 adolescents aged 13-15 (11,028 girls, 10,660 boys) who completed self-administered surveys between 2011 and 2017. Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. FINDINGS The number of adolescents who felt unsafe at school varied widely across countries, with a mean occurrence of 31.4% for the total sample: 31.3% for girls, and 31.1% for boys. The findings revealed strong independent associations between feeling unsafe and individual and school-related factors, such as being bullied, emotional and behavioral problems and feeling that teachers did not care. The study also found large variations in perceived school safety between schools in many countries. CONCLUSION The findings emphasize the need to create safe educational environments for all students, based on positive relationships with teachers and peers. School-based interventions to prevent bullying and promote mental health should be a natural part of school safety promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Mori
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- INVEST Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Elina Tiiri
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Lotta Lempinen
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- INVEST Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Gerasimos Kolaitis
- Department of Child Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Helena R. Slobodskaya
- Department of Medicine, Scientific Research Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Medicine, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Hitoshi Kaneko
- Psychological Support and Research Center for Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jorge C. Srabstein
- Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Liping Li
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Mai Nguyen Huong
- Department of Psychiatry, Vietnam National Children's Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Samir Kumar Praharaj
- Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Say How Ong
- Department of Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sigita Lesinskiene
- Vilnius University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinic of Psychiatry, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Henriette Kyrrestad
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tjhin Wiguna
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Zahra Zamani
- Department of Community Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lauri Sillanmäki
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Andre Sourander
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- *Correspondence: Andre Sourander
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