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Mencattelli G, Silverj A, Iapaolo F, Ippoliti C, Teodori L, Di Gennaro A, Curini V, Candeloro L, Conte A, Polci A, Morelli D, Perrotta MG, Marini G, Rosà R, Monaco F, Segata N, Rizzoli A, Rota-Stabelli O, Savini G. Epidemiological and Evolutionary Analysis of West Nile Virus Lineage 2 in Italy. Viruses 2022; 15:35. [PMID: 36680076 PMCID: PMC9866873 DOI: 10.3390/v15010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne virus potentially causing serious illness in humans and other animals. Since 2004, several studies have highlighted the progressive spread of WNV Lineage 2 (L2) in Europe, with Italy being one of the countries with the highest number of cases of West Nile disease reported. In this paper, we give an overview of the epidemiological and genetic features characterising the spread and evolution of WNV L2 in Italy, leveraging data obtained from national surveillance activities between 2011 and 2021, including 46 newly assembled genomes that were analysed under both phylogeographic and phylodynamic frameworks. In addition, to better understand the seasonal patterns of the virus, we used a machine learning model predicting areas at high-risk of WNV spread. Our results show a progressive increase in WNV L2 in Italy, clarifying the dynamics of interregional circulation, with no significant introductions from other countries in recent years. Moreover, the predicting model identified the presence of suitable conditions for the 2022 earlier and wider spread of WNV in Italy, underlining the importance of using quantitative models for early warning detection of WNV outbreaks. Taken together, these findings can be used as a reference to develop new strategies to mitigate the impact of the pathogen on human and other animal health in endemic areas and new regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mencattelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
- Centre Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Andrea Silverj
- Centre Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
- Department CIBIO, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Federica Iapaolo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Carla Ippoliti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Liana Teodori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Annapia Di Gennaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Valentina Curini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Luca Candeloro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Annamaria Conte
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Andrea Polci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Daniela Morelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Marini
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Roberto Rosà
- Centre Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Federica Monaco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Nicola Segata
- Department CIBIO, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Annapaola Rizzoli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Omar Rota-Stabelli
- Centre Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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Riccardo F, Bella A, Monaco F, Ferraro F, Petrone D, Mateo-Urdiales A, Andrianou XD, Del Manso M, Venturi G, Fortuna C, Di Luca M, Severini F, Caporali MG, Morelli D, Iapaolo F, Pati I, Lombardini L, Bakonyi T, Alexandra O, Pezzotti P, Perrotta MG, Maraglino F, Rezza G, Palamara AT. Rapid increase in neuroinvasive West Nile virus infections in humans, Italy, July 2022. Euro Surveill 2022; 27. [PMID: 36082685 PMCID: PMC9461310 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2022.27.36.2200653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
As in 2018, when a large West Nile virus (WNV) epidemic occurred, the 2022 vector season in Italy was marked by an early onset of WNV circulation in mosquitoes and birds. Human infections were limited until early July, when we observed a rapid increase in the number of cases. We describe the epidemiology of human infections and animal and vector surveillance for WNV and compare the more consolidated data of June and July 2022 with the same period in 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Federica Monaco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Xanthi D Andrianou
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniela Morelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Federica Iapaolo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | | | | | - Tamas Bakonyi
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olivia Alexandra
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
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- The members of the Italian Arbovirus Surveillance network are listed under Collaborators
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Tripodi L, Ru G, Lazzara F, Florio LC, Cocco C, Meloni D, Maria M, Bozzetta E, Perrotta MG, Caramelli M, Casalone C, Iulini B. Chronic Wasting Disease Monitoring in Italy 2017–2019: Neuropathological Findings in Cervids. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040401. [PMID: 35456076 PMCID: PMC9029944 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease that affects cervids; it is classified under transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). CWD is particularly contagious, making its eradication in endemic areas very difficult and creating serious problems for cervid conservation and breeding. It has recently become an emerging public health risk to be managed by health authorities. Starting in 2017, active CWD surveillance in Italy has intensified with the monitoring of wild and farmed cervids. The present study summarizes findings from a histopathological survey of the brains from wild ruminants collected via CWD monitoring between 2017 and 2019. A total of 113 brains from 62 red deer (Cervus elaphus) and 51 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) were submitted for analysis at the National Reference Center for Animal Encephalopathies (CEA) to determine major patterns of neuropathological lesions and correlated pathogens. Brain lesions were detected in 20 animals, 10 brain samples were unsuitable for examination, and 83 presented no lesions. Neuropathological examination revealed non-suppurative encephalitis or meningoencephalitis in most cases (15/20). This brain study revealed evidence for the absence of CWD in Italy and provided a reference spectrum of neuropathological lesions for differential diagnosis in cervids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Tripodi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy; (L.T.); (G.R.); (L.C.F.); (C.C.); (D.M.); (M.M.); (E.B.); (M.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Ru
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy; (L.T.); (G.R.); (L.C.F.); (C.C.); (D.M.); (M.M.); (E.B.); (M.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Fabrizio Lazzara
- Dipartimento Di Prevenzione, S.C. Sanità Animale, ASL 3 Genovese, Via San Giovanni Battista 48, 16154 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Lucia Caterina Florio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy; (L.T.); (G.R.); (L.C.F.); (C.C.); (D.M.); (M.M.); (E.B.); (M.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Cinzia Cocco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy; (L.T.); (G.R.); (L.C.F.); (C.C.); (D.M.); (M.M.); (E.B.); (M.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Daniela Meloni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy; (L.T.); (G.R.); (L.C.F.); (C.C.); (D.M.); (M.M.); (E.B.); (M.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Mazza Maria
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy; (L.T.); (G.R.); (L.C.F.); (C.C.); (D.M.); (M.M.); (E.B.); (M.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Elena Bozzetta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy; (L.T.); (G.R.); (L.C.F.); (C.C.); (D.M.); (M.M.); (E.B.); (M.C.); (C.C.)
| | | | - Maria Caramelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy; (L.T.); (G.R.); (L.C.F.); (C.C.); (D.M.); (M.M.); (E.B.); (M.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Cristina Casalone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy; (L.T.); (G.R.); (L.C.F.); (C.C.); (D.M.); (M.M.); (E.B.); (M.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Barbara Iulini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy; (L.T.); (G.R.); (L.C.F.); (C.C.); (D.M.); (M.M.); (E.B.); (M.C.); (C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-2686261
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Sacchi P, Rasero R, Ru G, Aiassa E, Colussi S, Ingravalle F, Peletto S, Perrotta MG, Sartore S, Soglia D, Acutis P. Predicting the impact of selection for scrapie resistance on PRNP genotype frequencies in goats. Vet Res 2018; 49:26. [PMID: 29510738 PMCID: PMC5840724 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0518-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Union has implemented breeding programmes to increase scrapie resistance in sheep. A similar approach can be applied also in goats since the K222 allele provides a level of resistance equivalent to that of ARR in sheep. The European Food Safety Authority stated that breeding for resistance could be offered as an option for Member States to control classical scrapie in goats. We assessed the impact of different breeding strategies on PRNP genotype frequencies using a mathematical model that describes in detail the evolution of K222 in two goat breeds, Chamois Coloured and Saanen. Different patterns of age structure and replacement rate were modelled as factors affecting response to selection. Breeding for scrapie resistance can be implemented in goats, even though the initial K222 frequencies in these breeds are not particularly favourable and the rate at which the resistant animals increase, both breeding and slaughtered for meat production, is slow. If the goal is not to achieve the fixation of resistance allele, it is advisable to carry out selection only until a desired frequency of K222-carriers has been attained. Nucleus selection vs. selection on the overall populations is less expensive but takes longer to reach the desired output. The programme performed on the two goat breeds serves as a model of the response the selection could have in other breeds that show different initial frequencies and population structure. In this respect, the model has a general applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Sacchi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Torino University, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberto Rasero
- Department of Veterinary Science, Torino University, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ru
- Italian Reference Centre for Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Eleonora Aiassa
- Italian Reference Centre for Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Colussi
- Italian Reference Centre for Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Ingravalle
- Italian Reference Centre for Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Simone Peletto
- Italian Reference Centre for Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Perrotta
- Direzione generale della sanità animale e dei farmaci veterinari, Ministero della Salute, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Sartore
- Department of Veterinary Science, Torino University, Turin, Italy
| | - Dominga Soglia
- Department of Veterinary Science, Torino University, Turin, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Acutis
- Italian Reference Centre for Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Turin, Italy
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Borelli V, Banfi E, Perrotta MG, Zabucchi G. Myeloperoxidase exerts microbicidal activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun 1999; 67:4149-52. [PMID: 10417186 PMCID: PMC96719 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.8.4149-4152.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/1999] [Accepted: 05/18/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the antimycobacterial role of myeloperoxidase (MPO), one of the most abundant granule proteins in human neutrophils. Our data indicate that purified MPO, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, exerts a consistent killing activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and against a clinical isolate. The activity is time and dose dependent and requires the presence of chloride ions in the assay medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Borelli
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Patologia, Università di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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