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Ghosh D, Wälti MA, Riek R. An Efficient Method of Expression and Purification of Amyloid-Beta (Aβ 1-42) Peptide from E. coli. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2551:41-51. [PMID: 36310195 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2597-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregation into soluble oligomers and fibril formation are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Aβ1-42 is the major form of the Aβ peptide present in neuritic plaques and shown to be neurotoxic both in vivo and in vitro. However, understanding the mechanism of its toxicity, aggregation, and other biochemical properties is limited because of its difficult production (recombinant or synthetic) and irreproducibility issues attributed to batch-to-batch preparation differences. Chemically synthetic Aβ1-42 is now well established, but it always introduces up to 5% D-isomers along with its L-isomeric form, and thus it is not fruitful for biochemical/structural studies. Here, we optimized an efficient published method for expression and purification of Aβ1-42 upon overexpression in Escherichia coli (E. coli) that provides a satisfactory yield as well as minimizes the variability between batch preparations. With the present protocol, ~7-8 mg/liter of unlabeled peptide and ~3.5-4 mg/liter for 13C,15N-labeled (double-labeled) Aβ1-42 were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiman Ghosh
- Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Roland Riek
- Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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2
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Seuring C, Verasdonck J, Gath J, Ghosh D, Nespovitaya N, Wälti MA, Maji SK, Cadalbert R, Güntert P, Meier BH, Riek R. The three-dimensional structure of human β-endorphin amyloid fibrils. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2020; 27:1178-1184. [PMID: 33046908 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-020-00515-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the pituitary gland, hormones are stored in a functional amyloid state within acidic secretory granules before they are released into the blood. To gain a detailed understanding of the structure-function relationship of amyloids in hormone secretion, the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the amyloid fibril of the human hormone β-endorphin was determined by solid-state NMR. We find that β-endorphin fibrils are in a β-solenoid conformation with a protonated glutamate residue in their fibrillar core. During exocytosis of the hormone amyloid the pH increases from acidic in the secretory granule to neutral level in the blood, thus it is suggested-and supported with mutagenesis data-that the pH change in the cellular milieu acts through the deprotonation of glutamate 8 to release the hormone from the amyloid. For amyloid disassembly in the blood, it is proposed that the pH change acts together with a buffer composition change and hormone dilution. In the pituitary gland, peptide hormones can be stored as amyloid fibrils within acidic secretory granules before release into the blood stream. Here, we use solid-state NMR to determine the 3D structure of the amyloid fiber formed by the human hormone β-endorphin. We find that β-endorphin fibrils are in a β-solenoid conformation that is generally reminiscent of other functional amyloids. In the β-endorphin amyloid, every layer of the β-solenoid is composed of a single peptide and protonated Glu8 is located in the fibrillar core. The secretory granule has an acidic pH but, on exocytosis, the β-endorphin fibril would encounter neutral pH conditions (pH 7.4) in the blood; this pH change would result in deprotonation of Glu8 to release the hormone peptide from the amyloid. Analyses of β-endorphin variants carrying mutations in Glu8 support the role of the protonation state of this residue in fibril disassembly, among other environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Seuring
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joeri Verasdonck
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Julia Gath
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dhimam Ghosh
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | - Samir K Maji
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Peter Güntert
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Beat H Meier
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Roland Riek
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. .,Structural Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Orts J, Aulikki Wälti M, Ghosh D, Campioni S, Saupe SJ, Riek R. Rational Structure-Based Design of Fluorescent Probes for Amyloid Folds. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1161-1166. [PMID: 30548150 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid fibrils are pathological hallmarks of various human diseases, including Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or motor neurone disease), and prion diseases. Treatment of the amyloid diseases are hindered, among other factors, by timely detection and therefore, early detection of the amyloid fibrils would be beneficial for treatment against these disorders. Here, a small molecular fluorescent probe is reported that selectively recognize the fibrillar form of amyloid beta(1-42), α-synuclein, and HET-s(218-289) protein over their monomeric conformation. The rational design of the reporters relies on the well-known cross-β-sheet repetition motif, the key structural feature of amyloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Orts
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Hönggerberg, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marielle Aulikki Wälti
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Hönggerberg, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dhiman Ghosh
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Hönggerberg, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Campioni
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Hönggerberg, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.,Present address: Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Sven J Saupe
- Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, Université de Bordeaux, 1, rue Camille Saint Saëns, 33077, Bordeaux, France
| | - Roland Riek
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Hönggerberg, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is associated with the aggregation into amyloid fibrils of Aβ(1–42) and Aβ(1–40) peptides. Interestingly, these fibrils often do not obtain one single structure but rather show different morphologies, so-called polymorphs. Here, we compare quenched hydrogen-deuterium (H/D) exchange of a disease-relevant Aβ(1–42) fibril for which the 3D structure has been determined by solid-state NMR with H/D exchange previously determined on another structural polymorph. This comparison reveals secondary structural differences between the two polymorphs suggesting that the two polymorphisms can be classified as segmental polymorphs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julien Orts
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roland Riek
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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5
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Ravotti F, Wälti MA, Güntert P, Riek R, Böckmann A, Meier BH. Solid-state NMR sequential assignment of an Amyloid-β(1-42) fibril polymorph. Biomol NMR Assign 2016; 10:269-76. [PMID: 27165577 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-016-9682-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The formation of fibrils of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide is considered to be a key event in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The determination of a high-resolution structure of these fibrils is relevant for the understanding of the molecular basis of AD. In this work, we present the sequential resonance assignment of one of the polymorphs of Aβ(1-42) fibrils. We show that most of the protein is rigid, while a stretch of 4 residues (11-14) is not visible by solid-state NMR spectroscopy due to dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ravotti
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Peter Güntert
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan.
| | - Roland Riek
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Anja Böckmann
- Institut de Biologie et Chemie des Protéines, Bases Moléculaires et Structurales des Systèmes Infectieux, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69007, Lyon, France.
| | - Beat H Meier
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Orts J, Wälti MA, Marsh M, Vera L, Gossert AD, Güntert P, Riek R. NMR-Based Determination of the 3D Structure of the Ligand-Protein Interaction Site without Protein Resonance Assignment. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:4393-400. [PMID: 26943491 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular replacement in X-ray crystallography is the prime method for establishing structure-activity relationships of pharmaceutically relevant molecules. Such an approach is not available for NMR. Here, we establish a comparable method, called NMR molecular replacement (NMR(2)). The method requires experimentally measured ligand intramolecular NOEs and ligand-protein intermolecular NOEs as well as a previously known receptor structure or model. Our findings demonstrate that NMR(2) may open a new avenue for the fast and robust determination of the interaction site of ligand-protein complexes at atomic resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Orts
- ETH Zürich , Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, HCI F217, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marielle Aulikki Wälti
- ETH Zürich , Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, HCI F217, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - May Marsh
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute , CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Laura Vera
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute , CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Alvar D Gossert
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis AG , CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Güntert
- ETH Zürich , Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, HCI F217, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, and Frankfurt Institute of Advanced Studies, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt am Main 60323, Germany
| | - Roland Riek
- ETH Zürich , Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, HCI F217, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Wälti MA, Orts J, Vögeli B, Campioni S, Riek R. Solution NMR studies of recombinant Aβ(1-42): from the presence of a micellar entity to residual β-sheet structure in the soluble species. Chembiochem 2015; 16:659-69. [PMID: 25676345 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide is the major component found in senile plaques of Alzheimer's disease patients. The 42-residue fragment Aβ(1-42) is proposed to be one of the most pathogenic species therein. Here, the soluble Aβ(1-42) species were analyzed by various liquid-state NMR methods. Transient formation of a micelle species was observed at the onset of the aggregation kinetics. This micelle is dissolved after approximately one day. Subsequent loss of this species and the formation of protofibrils are proposed to be the route of fibril formation. Consequently, the observed micelle species is suggested to be on an off-pathway mechanism. Furthermore, characterization of the NMR-observable soluble species shows that it is a random-coil-like entity with low propensities for four β-strands. These β-strands correlate with the β-strand segments observed in Aβ fibrils. This finding indicates that the 3D structure of the fibrils might already be predisposed in the soluble species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle Aulikki Wälti
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich (Switzerland)
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Daskalov A, Gantner M, Wälti MA, Schmidlin T, Chi CN, Wasmer C, Schütz A, Ceschin J, Clavé C, Cescau S, Meier B, Riek R, Saupe SJ. Contribution of specific residues of the β-solenoid fold to HET-s prion function, amyloid structure and stability. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004158. [PMID: 24945274 PMCID: PMC4055769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The [Het-s] prion of the fungus Podospora anserina represents a good model system for studying the structure-function relationship in amyloid proteins because a high resolution solid-state NMR structure of the amyloid prion form of the HET-s prion forming domain (PFD) is available. The HET-s PFD adopts a specific β-solenoid fold with two rungs of β-strands delimiting a triangular hydrophobic core. A C-terminal loop folds back onto the rigid core region and forms a more dynamic semi-hydrophobic pocket extending the hydrophobic core. Herein, an alanine scanning mutagenesis of the HET-s PFD was conducted. Different structural elements identified in the prion fold such as the triangular hydrophobic core, the salt bridges, the asparagines ladders and the C-terminal loop were altered and the effect of these mutations on prion function, fibril structure and stability was assayed. Prion activity and structure were found to be very robust; only a few key mutations were able to corrupt structure and function. While some mutations strongly destabilize the fold, many substitutions in fact increase stability of the fold. This increase in structural stability did not influence prion formation propensity in vivo. However, if an Ala replacement did alter the structure of the core or did influence the shape of the denaturation curve, the corresponding variant showed a decreased prion efficacy. It is also the finding that in addition to the structural elements of the rigid core region, the aromatic residues in the C-terminal semi-hydrophobic pocket are critical for prion propagation. Mutations in the latter region either positively or negatively affected prion formation. We thus identify a region that modulates prion formation although it is not part of the rigid cross-β core, an observation that might be relevant to other amyloid models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asen Daskalov
- Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5095, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Matthias Gantner
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marielle Aulikki Wälti
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Schmidlin
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Celestine N. Chi
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Wasmer
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anne Schütz
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Ceschin
- Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5095, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Corinne Clavé
- Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5095, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sandra Cescau
- Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5095, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Beat Meier
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roland Riek
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sven J. Saupe
- Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5095, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Vögeli B, Orts J, Strotz D, Chi C, Minges M, Wälti MA, Güntert P, Riek R. Towards a true protein movie: a perspective on the potential impact of the ensemble-based structure determination using exact NOEs. J Magn Reson 2014; 241:53-59. [PMID: 24656080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Confined by the Boltzmann distribution of the energies of the states, a multitude of structural states are inherent to biomolecules. For a detailed understanding of a protein's function, its entire structural landscape at atomic resolution and insight into the interconversion between all the structural states (i.e. dynamics) are required. Whereas dedicated trickery with NMR relaxation provides aspects of local dynamics, and 3D structure determination by NMR is well established, only recently have several attempts been made to formulate a more comprehensive description of the dynamics and the structural landscape of a protein. Here, a perspective is given on the use of exact NOEs (eNOEs) for the elucidation of structural ensembles of a protein describing the covered conformational space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Vögeli
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, ETH-Hönggerberg, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Julien Orts
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, ETH-Hönggerberg, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dean Strotz
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, ETH-Hönggerberg, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Celestine Chi
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, ETH-Hönggerberg, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Minges
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, ETH-Hönggerberg, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marielle Aulikki Wälti
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, ETH-Hönggerberg, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Güntert
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, and Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, J.W. Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, 192-0397 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Roland Riek
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, ETH-Hönggerberg, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Bleuler-Martínez S, Butschi A, Garbani M, Wälti MA, Wohlschlager T, Potthoff E, Sabotiĉ J, Pohleven J, Lüthy P, Hengartner MO, Aebi M, Künzler M. A lectin-mediated resistance of higher fungi against predators and parasites. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:3056-70. [PMID: 21486374 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fruiting body lectins are ubiquitous in higher fungi and characterized by being synthesized in the cytoplasm and up-regulated during sexual development. The function of these lectins is unclear. A lack of phenotype in sexual development upon inactivation of the respective genes argues against a function in this process. We tested a series of characterized fruiting body lectins from different fungi for toxicity towards the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the mosquito Aedes aegypti and the amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii. Most of the fungal lectins were found to be toxic towards at least one of the three target organisms. By altering either the fungal lectin or the glycans of the target organisms, or by including soluble carbohydrate ligands as competitors, we demonstrate that the observed toxicity is dependent on the interaction between the fungal lectins and specific glycans in the target organisms. The toxicity was found to be dose-dependent such that low levels of lectin were no longer toxic but still led to food avoidance by C. elegans. Finally, we show, in an ecologically more relevant scenario, that challenging the vegetative mycelium of Coprinopsis cinerea with the fungal-feeding nematode Aphelenchus avenae induces the expression of the nematotoxic fruiting body lectins CGL1 and CGL2. Based on these findings, we propose that filamentous fungi possess an inducible resistance against predators and parasites mediated by lectins that are specific for glycans of these antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bleuler-Martínez
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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