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Corrosion Mechanism and Electrochemical Reactions on Alloy 690 in Simulated Primary Coolant of Water-Water Energy Reactors. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1846. [PMID: 38673202 PMCID: PMC11051335 DOI: 10.3390/ma17081846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
During the power operation of the primary loop of a water cooled-water moderated energy reactor (WWER), the water chemistry evolves from a high-boron high-potassium composition to significantly lower concentrations of both constituents at the end of a campaign, and the Li concentration reaches ca. 0.7-0.9 ppm. In the present paper, the effect of primary water chemistry evolution during operation on the corrosion rate and conduction mechanism of oxides on Alloy 690 is studied by in situ impedance spectroscopy at 300 °C/9 MPa during 1-week exposures in an autoclave connected to a re-circulation loop. At the end of exposure, the samples were anodically polarized at potentials -0.8 to -0.1 V vs. SHE to evaluate the stability of the passive oxide. Simultaneously exposed samples of Alloy 690 were subsequently analyzed by XPS to estimate the thickness and in-depth composition of oxides. Impedance data were quantitatively interpreted using the mixed-conduction model (MCM) for oxide films. The effect of water chemistry evolution on the corrosion rate and conduction mechanism in the oxide on Alloy 690 in a primary coolant is discussed based on the obtained parameters.
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Corrosion of Stainless Steel in Simulated Nuclear Reactor Primary Coolant-Experiments and Modeling. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1148. [PMID: 38473618 DOI: 10.3390/ma17051148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
In the present paper, the effect of the evolution of primary water chemistry during power operation on the corrosion rate and conduction mechanism of oxide films on stainless steel is studied by in situ impedance spectroscopy at 300 °C/9 MPa during 1-week exposure periods in an autoclave connected to a recirculation loop. At the end of the exposure period, the samples were anodically polarized in a wide range of potentials to evaluate the stability of the passive oxide. Separate samples of the same steel were simultaneously exposed to the coolant and subsequently analyzed by glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES) in order to estimate the thickness and the in-depth composition of the formed oxides. Impedance data were quantitatively interpreted using the mixed-conduction model for oxide films (MCM) to estimate the rates of metal oxidation at the alloy/oxide interface, oxide dissolution and restructuring at the film/coolant interface, and ion transport in the protective corrosion layer.
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Anodic Oxidation of Tungsten under Illumination-Multi-Method Characterization and Modeling at the Molecular Level. Molecules 2023; 28:7387. [PMID: 37959806 PMCID: PMC10649260 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tungsten oxide has received considerable attention as photo-anode in photo-assisted water splitting due to its considerable advantages such as significant light absorption in the visible region, good catalytic properties, and stability in acidic and oxidative conditions. The present paper is a first step in a detailed study of the mechanism of porous WO3 growth via anodic oxidation. In-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) during oxidation of W illuminated with UV and visible light are employed to study the ionic and electronic processes in slightly acidic sulfate-fluoride electrolytes and a range of potentials 4-10 V. The respective responses are discussed in terms of the influence of fluoride addition on ionic and electronic process rates. A kinetic model is proposed and parameterized via regression of experimental data to the EIS and IMPS transfer functions.
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Long-Term Oxidation of Zirconium Alloy in Simulated Nuclear Reactor Primary Coolant-Experiments and Modeling. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2577. [PMID: 37048870 PMCID: PMC10094926 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation of Zr-1%Nb fuel cladding alloy in simulated primary coolant of a pressurized water nuclear reactor is followed by in-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. In-depth composition and thickness of the oxide are estimated by ex-situ analytical techniques. A kinetic model of the oxidation process featuring interfacial reactions of metal oxidation and water reduction, as well as electron and ion transport through the oxide governed by diffusion-migration, is parameterized by quantitative comparison to impedance data. The effects of compressive stress on diffusion and ionic space charge on migration of ionic point defects are introduced to rationalize the dependence of transport parameters on thickness (or oxidation time). The influence of ex-situ and in-situ hydrogen charging on kinetic and transport parameters is also studied.
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5
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Multi-method characterization of anodic oxidation of a titanium alloy in fluoride-containing electrolytes. J Solid State Electrochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-023-05442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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6
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Corrosion of Alloy 690 in simulated steam generator chemistry with boiling - effect of chloride and sulfate impurities. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
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7
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Photo-induced carrier dynamics in nano-porous TiO2 electrochemically doped with cuprous oxide. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.114572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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8
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Anodic oxide films on stainless steel as prospective photo-anodes for light-assisted electrochemical water splitting. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.113953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Carbon screen-printed electrodes for substrate-assisted electroless deposition of palladium. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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A comparative study of hydrazine alternatives in simulated steam generator conditions—Oxygen reaction kinetics and interaction with carbon steel. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Modeling barrier film growth and dissolution on titanium based on EIS, XPS and photocurrent data. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Identification of key parameters of magnetite deposition on steam generator surfaces—Modeling and preliminary experiments. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Hydrogen generation during interaction of oxide covered copper with deoxygenated aqueous solution. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Electrochemical methods to study hydrogen production during interaction of copper with deoxygenated aqueous solution. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.12.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Oxidation Parameters of Oxide Dispersion-Strengthened Steels in Supercritical Water. JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND RADIATION SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4031127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The kinetic parameters of oxidation of two oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys, PM2000 and MA956, in supercritical water (SCW) are evaluated using an updated model that assumes that the growth of the outer layer is governed by the transport of interstitial cations through the inner layer. The model is able to reproduce quantitatively the depth profiles of individual constituent elements in the inner and outer layers, as well as in the diffusion/transition layer of the alloy between the inner layer and the bulk substrate. The rate constants and diffusion coefficients decrease with time, indicating oxide layer restructuring.
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Effect of hydrazine on general corrosion of carbon and low-alloyed steels in pressurized water reactor secondary side water. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2015.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Effect of chloride and sulfate additions on corrosion of low alloy steel in high-temperature water. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.05.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Modelling the formation and growth of anodic passive films on metals in concentrated acid solutions. J Solid State Electrochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s100080050041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Mechanism of anodic oxidation of molybdenum in nearly-neutral electrolytes studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Estimation of kinetic parameters of the passive state of carbon steel in mildly alkaline solutions from electrochemical impedance spectroscopic and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic data. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.03.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Estimation of kinetic and transport parameters by quantitative evaluation of EIS and XPS data. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.11.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Effect of dissolved oxygen on oxidation and hydrogen pick up behaviour—Zircaloy vs Zr–Nb alloys. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2009.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Influence of Zn on the oxide layer on AISI 316L(NG) stainless steel in simulated pressurised water reactor coolant. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Nanoporous oxide formation by anodic oxidation of Nb in sulphate–fluoride electrolytes. J Solid State Electrochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-008-0651-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Surface film electrochemistry of austenitic stainless steel and its main constituents in supercritical water. J Supercrit Fluids 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2007.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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An electrochemical and surface analytical study of the formation of nanoporous oxides on niobium. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Estimation of the parameters of oxide film growth on nickel-based alloys in high-temperature water electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Oxidation of toluene on Bi-doped PbO2 studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and UV spectrophotometry. J Solid State Electrochem 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-007-0321-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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30
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Transpassive dissolution of ferritic steels in a molten salt electrolyte. Electrochem commun 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2004.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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31
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Oxidative dissolution and anion-assisted solubilisation in the transpassive state of nickel–chromium alloys. Electrochim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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32
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33
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The Influence of Solution Anion on the Mechanism of Transpassive Dissolution of Ferrous- and Nickel-Based Alloys. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0340616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Mechanism of transpassive dissolution of nickel-based alloys studied by impedance spectroscopy and rotating ring-disc voltammetry. Electrochim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(02)00080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Transpassive dissolution of Ni–Cr alloys in sulphate solutions—comparison between a model alloy and two industrial alloys. Electrochim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(02)00018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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Photocurrent response of the passive film on iron in a high-temperature aqueous electrolyte. Electrochem commun 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2481(02)00257-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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37
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Electrochemical study of the passive behaviour of Ni–Cr alloys in a borate solution—a mixed-conduction model approach. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(01)00423-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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39
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40
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Studies on the redox behaviour of some polythiophene derivatives by impedance spectroscopy in symmetrical and asymmetrical configurations. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(99)00254-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Transpassivity mechanism of iron–chromium–molybdenum alloys studied by AC impedance, DC resistance and RRDE measurements. Electrochim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(99)00149-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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42
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43
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44
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Characterisation of anodic oxide films on Sb + Bi alloys in 1 M H3PO4 by photocurrent and capacitance measurements. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(97)00173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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45
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The ability of a surface charge approach to describe barrier film growth on tungsten in acidic solutions. Electrochim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(97)00037-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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46
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47
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A model for surface charge-assisted barrier film growth on metals in acidic solutions based on ac impedance measurements. Electrochim Acta 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(96)00124-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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48
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A model for the transpassivity of molybdenum in acidic sulphate solutions based on ac impedance measurements. Electrochim Acta 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(95)00468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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49
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Electrodeposition of refractory metals (Ti, Zr, Nb, Ta) from molten salt electrolytes. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00241947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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50
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