1
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Gombotz M, Hogrefe K, Wilkening A, Gadermaier B, Wilkening M. F anion transport in nanocrystalline SmF3 and in mechanosynthesized, vacancy-rich Sm1—x
BaxF3—x. Z PHYS CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2021-3092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Nanostructured materials can show considerably different properties as compared to their coarse-grained counterparts. Especially prepared by high-energy ball milling they are to be characterized by a large fraction of point defects in the bulk and structurally disordered interfacial regions. Here, we explored how the overall conductivity of SmF3 can be enhanced by mechanical treatment and to which degree aliovalent substitution is able to further enhance anion transport. For this purpose nanocrystalline (hexagonal) SmF3 was prepared by high-energy ball milling; mechanosynthesis helped us to replace Sm3+ in SmF3 by Ba2+ and to create vacancies in the F anion sublattice. We observed a remarkable increase in total (direct current) conductivity when going from nano-SmF3 to Sm1−x
Ba
x
F3−x
for x = 0.1. Electrical modulus spectroscopy was used to further characterize the corresponding increase in electrical relaxation frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gombotz
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 , Graz , Austria
| | - Katharina Hogrefe
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 , Graz , Austria
| | - Alexandra Wilkening
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 , Graz , Austria
| | - Bernhard Gadermaier
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 , Graz , Austria
| | - Martin Wilkening
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 , Graz , Austria
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2
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Badami P, Weller JM, Wahab A, Redhammer G, Ladenstein L, Rettenwander D, Wilkening M, Chan CK, Kannan ANM. Highly Conductive Garnet-Type Electrolytes: Access to Li 6.5La 3Zr 1.5Ta 0.5O 12 Prepared by Molten Salt and Solid-State Methods. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:48580-48590. [PMID: 33113638 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c14056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Tantalum-doped garnet (Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12, LLZTO) is a promising candidate to act as a solid electrolyte in all-solid-state batteries owing to both its high Li+ conductivity and its relatively high robustness against the Li metal. Synthesizing LLZTO using conventional solid-state reaction (SSR) requires, however, high calcination temperature (>1000 °C) and long milling steps, thereby increasing the processing time. Here, we report on a facile synthesis route to prepare LLZTO using a molten salt method (MSS) at lower reaction temperatures and shorter durations (900 °C, 5 h). Additionally, a thorough analysis on the properties, i.e., morphology, phase purity, and particle size distribution of the LLZTO powders, is presented. LLZTO pellets, either prepared by the MSS or the SSR method, that were sintered in a Pt crucible showed Li+ ion conductivities of up to 0.6 and 0.5 mS cm-1, respectively. The corresponding activation energy values are 0.37 and 0.38 eV, respectively. The relative densities of the samples reached values of approximately 96%. For comparison, LLZTO pellets sintered in alumina crucibles or with γ-Al2O3 as sintering aid revealed lower ionic conductivities and relative densities with abnormal grain growth. We attribute these observations to the formation of Al-rich phases near the grain boundary regions and to a lower Li content in the final garnet phase. The MSS method seems to be a highly attractive and an alternative synthetic approach to SSR route for the preparation of highly conducting LLZTO-type ceramics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Badami
- The Polytechnic School, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Mesa, Arizona 85212, United States
| | - J Mark Weller
- Materials Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Abdul Wahab
- The Polytechnic School, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Mesa, Arizona 85212, United States
| | - Günther Redhammer
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Lukas Ladenstein
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz), 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Daniel Rettenwander
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz), 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Wilkening
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz), 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Candace K Chan
- Materials Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Arunachala Nadar Mada Kannan
- The Polytechnic School, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Mesa, Arizona 85212, United States
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3
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Di Stefano D, Miglio A, Robeyns K, Filinchuk Y, Lechartier M, Senyshyn A, Ishida H, Spannenberger S, Prutsch D, Lunghammer S, Rettenwander D, Wilkening M, Roling B, Kato Y, Hautier G. Superionic Diffusion through Frustrated Energy Landscape. Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Klinser G, Zettl R, Wilkening M, Krenn H, Hanzu I, Würschum R. Redox processes in sodium vanadium phosphate cathodes – insights from operando magnetometry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:20151-20155. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04045e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation processes and electrode–electrolyte interphase formation upon battery cycling have been revealed by operando magnetic susceptibility measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Klinser
- Institute of Material Physics
- Graz University of Technology
- A-8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Roman Zettl
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, Graz University of Technology
- A-8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Martin Wilkening
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, Graz University of Technology
- A-8010 Graz
- Austria
- ALISTORE – European Research Institute
- CNRS FR3104
| | - Heinz Krenn
- Institute of Physics
- University of Graz
- A-8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Ilie Hanzu
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, Graz University of Technology
- A-8010 Graz
- Austria
- ALISTORE – European Research Institute
- CNRS FR3104
| | - Roland Würschum
- Institute of Material Physics
- Graz University of Technology
- A-8010 Graz
- Austria
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5
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Rettenwander D, Redhammer G, Guin M, Benisek A, Krüger H, Guillon O, Wilkening M, Tietz F, Fleig J. Arrhenius Behavior of the Bulk Na-Ion Conductivity in Na 3Sc 2(PO 4) 3 Single Crystals Observed by Microcontact Impedance Spectroscopy. Chem Mater 2018; 30:1776-1781. [PMID: 29606799 PMCID: PMC5871336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
NASICON-based solid electrolytes with exceptionally high Na-ion conductivities are considered to enable future all solid-state Na-ion battery technologies. Despite 40 years of research the interrelation between crystal structure and Na-ion conduction is still controversially discussed and far from being fully understood. In this study, microcontact impedance spectroscopy combined with single crystal X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry is applied to tackle the question how bulk Na-ion conductivity σbulk of sub-mm-sized flux grown Na3Sc2(PO4)3 (NSP) single crystals is influenced by supposed phase changes (α, β, and γ phase) discussed in literature. Although we found a smooth structural change at around 140 °C, which we assign to the β → γ phase transition, our conductivity data follow a single Arrhenius law from room temperature (RT) up to 220 °C. Obviously, the structural change, being mainly related to decreasing Na-ion ordering with increasing temperature, does not cause any jumps in Na-ion conductivity or any discontinuities in activation energies Ea. Bulk ion dynamics in NSP have so far rarely been documented; here, under ambient conditions, σbulk turned out to be as high as 3 × 10-4 S cm-1 at RT (Ea, bulk = 0.39 eV) when directly measured with microcontacts for individual small single crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rettenwander
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology
of Materials and Christian Doppler Laboratory for
Lithium Batteries, Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Günther
J. Redhammer
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Marie Guin
- Institute
of Energy and Climate Research, Materials Synthesis and Processing
(IEK-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich
GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute
Münster, c/o Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, 48149 Jülich, Germany
| | - Artur Benisek
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hannes Krüger
- Institute
of Mineralogy and Petrography, University
of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Olivier Guillon
- Helmholtz-Institute
Münster, c/o Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, 48149 Jülich, Germany
| | - Martin Wilkening
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology
of Materials and Christian Doppler Laboratory for
Lithium Batteries, Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Frank Tietz
- Institute
of Energy and Climate Research, Materials Synthesis and Processing
(IEK-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich
GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute
Münster, c/o Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, 48149 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Fleig
- Institute
for Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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6
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Rettenwander D, Wagner R, Reyer A, Bonta M, Cheng L, Doeff MM, Limbeck A, Wilkening M, Amthauer G. Interface Instability of Fe-Stabilized Li 7La 3Zr 2O 12 versus Li Metal. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2018; 122:3780-3785. [PMID: 29545907 PMCID: PMC5847116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The interface stability versus Li represents a major challenge in the development of next-generation all-solid-state batteries (ASSB), which take advantage of the inherently safe ceramic electrolytes. Cubic Li7La3Zr2O12 garnets represent the most promising electrolytes for this technology. The high interfacial impedance versus Li is, however, still a bottleneck toward future devices. Herein, we studied the electrochemical performance of Fe3+-stabilized Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO:Fe) versus Li metal and found a very high total conductivity of 1.1 mS cm-1 at room temperature but a very high area specific resistance of ∼1 kΩ cm2. After removing the Li metal electrode we observe a black surface coloration at the interface, which clearly indicates interfacial degradation. Raman- and nanosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy reveals, thereafter, the formation of a 130 μm thick tetragonal LLZO interlayer and a significant Li deficiency of about 1-2 formula units toward the interface. This shows that cubic LLZO:Fe is not stable versus Li metal by forming a thick tetragonal LLZO interlayer causing high interfacial impedance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rettenwander
- Institute
for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, Institute for Chemistry
and Technology of Materials, Graz University
of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Reinhard Wagner
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Reyer
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Maximilian Bonta
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lei Cheng
- Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Energy Storage and Distributed Resources
Division, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Marca M. Doeff
- Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Energy Storage and Distributed Resources
Division, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Andreas Limbeck
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Wilkening
- Institute
for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, Institute for Chemistry
and Technology of Materials, Graz University
of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Georg Amthauer
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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7
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Breuer S, Wilkening M. Mismatch in cation size causes rapid anion dynamics in solid electrolytes: the role of the Arrhenius pre-factor. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:4105-4117. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt04487a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mixed (Ba,Ca)F2 reveals highly correlated F anion diffusion in disordered potentials landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Breuer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries and Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Martin Wilkening
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries and Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- ALISTORE-ERI European Research Institute
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8
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Schafzahl L, Mahne N, Schafzahl B, Wilkening M, Slugovc C, Borisov SM, Freunberger SA. Innenrücktitelbild: Singulett-Sauerstoff in der aprotischen Natrium-O 2
-Batterie (Angew. Chem. 49/2017). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schafzahl
- Institut für Chemische Technologie von Materialien; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Nika Mahne
- Institut für Chemische Technologie von Materialien; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Bettina Schafzahl
- Institut für Chemische Technologie von Materialien; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Martin Wilkening
- Institut für Chemische Technologie von Materialien; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Christian Slugovc
- Institut für Chemische Technologie von Materialien; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Sergey M. Borisov
- Institut für Analytische Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Stefan A. Freunberger
- Institut für Chemische Technologie von Materialien; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Österreich
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9
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Schafzahl L, Mahne N, Schafzahl B, Wilkening M, Slugovc C, Borisov SM, Freunberger SA. Inside Back Cover: Singlet Oxygen during Cycling of the Aprotic Sodium-O2
Battery (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49/2017). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schafzahl
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials; Graz University of Technology; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Nika Mahne
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials; Graz University of Technology; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Bettina Schafzahl
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials; Graz University of Technology; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Martin Wilkening
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials; Graz University of Technology; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Christian Slugovc
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials; Graz University of Technology; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Sergey M. Borisov
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry; Graz University of Technology; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Stefan A. Freunberger
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials; Graz University of Technology; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
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10
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Schafzahl L, Mahne N, Schafzahl B, Wilkening M, Slugovc C, Borisov SM, Freunberger SA. Singlet Oxygen during Cycling of the Aprotic Sodium-O 2 Battery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15728-15732. [PMID: 29024316 PMCID: PMC5725720 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aprotic sodium–O2 batteries require the reversible formation/dissolution of sodium superoxide (NaO2) on cycling. Poor cycle life has been associated with parasitic chemistry caused by the reactivity of electrolyte and electrode with NaO2, a strong nucleophile and base. Its reactivity can, however, not consistently explain the side reactions and irreversibility. Herein we show that singlet oxygen (1O2) forms at all stages of cycling and that it is a main driver for parasitic chemistry. It was detected in‐ and ex‐situ via a 1O2 trap that selectively and rapidly forms a stable adduct with 1O2. The 1O2 formation mechanism involves proton‐mediated superoxide disproportionation on discharge, rest, and charge below ca. 3.3 V, and direct electrochemical 1O2 evolution above ca. 3.3 V. Trace water, which is needed for high capacities also drives parasitic chemistry. Controlling the highly reactive singlet oxygen is thus crucial for achieving highly reversible cell operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schafzahl
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Nika Mahne
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Bettina Schafzahl
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Wilkening
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Slugovc
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Sergey M Borisov
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan A Freunberger
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
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11
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Schafzahl L, Mahne N, Schafzahl B, Wilkening M, Slugovc C, Borisov SM, Freunberger SA. Singulett-Sauerstoff in der aprotischen Natrium-O2
-Batterie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schafzahl
- Institut für Chemische Technologie von Materialien; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Nika Mahne
- Institut für Chemische Technologie von Materialien; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Bettina Schafzahl
- Institut für Chemische Technologie von Materialien; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Martin Wilkening
- Institut für Chemische Technologie von Materialien; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Christian Slugovc
- Institut für Chemische Technologie von Materialien; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Sergey M. Borisov
- Institut für Analytische Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Stefan A. Freunberger
- Institut für Chemische Technologie von Materialien; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Österreich
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12
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Mahne N, Fontaine O, Thotiyl MO, Wilkening M, Freunberger SA. Mechanism and performance of lithium-oxygen batteries - a perspective. Chem Sci 2017; 8:6716-6729. [PMID: 29147497 PMCID: PMC5643885 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02519j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rechargeable Li-O2 batteries have amongst the highest formal energy and could store significantly more energy than other rechargeable batteries in practice if at least a large part of their promise could be realized. Realization, however, still faces many challenges than can only be overcome by fundamental understanding of the processes taking place. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the chemistry of the Li-O2 cathode and provide a perspective on dominant research needs. We put particular emphasis on issues that are often grossly misunderstood: realistic performance metrics and their reporting as well as identifying reversibility and quantitative measures to do so. Parasitic reactions are the prime obstacle for reversible cell operation and have recently been identified to be predominantly caused by singlet oxygen and not by reduced oxygen species as thought before. We discuss the far reaching implications of this finding on electrolyte and cathode stability, electrocatalysis, and future research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika Mahne
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials , Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9 , 8010 Graz , Austria .
| | - Olivier Fontaine
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier , UMR 5253, CC 1701 , Université Montpellier , Place Eugène Bataillon , 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 , France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'énergie (RS2E) , FR CNRS , France
| | - Musthafa Ottakam Thotiyl
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) , Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan , Pune , 411008 , India
| | - Martin Wilkening
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials , Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9 , 8010 Graz , Austria .
| | - Stefan A Freunberger
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials , Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9 , 8010 Graz , Austria .
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13
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Volgmann K, Epp V, Langer J, Stanje B, Heine J, Nakhal S, Lerch M, Wilkening M, Heitjans P. Solid-State NMR to Study Translational Li Ion Dynamics in Solids with Low-Dimensional Diffusion Pathways. Z PHYS CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2017-0952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Fundamental research on lithium ion dynamics in solids is important to develop functional materials for, e.g. sensors or energy storage systems. In many cases a comprehensive understanding is only possible if experimental data are compared with predictions from diffusion models. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), besides other techniques such as mass tracer or conductivity measurements, is known as a versatile tool to investigate ion dynamics. Among the various time-domain NMR techniques, NMR relaxometry, in particular, serves not only to measure diffusion parameters, such as jump rates and activation energies, it is also useful to collect information on the dimensionality of the underlying diffusion process. The latter is possible if both the temperature and, even more important, the frequency dependence of the diffusion-induced relaxation rates of actually polycrystalline materials is analyzed. Here we present some recent systematic relaxometry case studies using model systems that exhibit spatially restricted Li ion diffusion. Whenever possible we compare our results with data from other techniques as well as current relaxation models developed for 2D and 1D diffusion. As an example, 2D ionic motion has been verified for the hexagonal form of LiBH4; in the high-temperature limit the diffusion-induced 7Li NMR spin-lattice relaxation rates follow a logarithmic frequency dependence as is expected from models introduced for 2D diffusion. A similar behavior has been found for Li
x
NbS2. In Li12Si7 a quasi-1D diffusion process seems to be present that is characterized by a square root frequency dependence and a temperature behavior of the 7Li NMR spin-lattice relaxation rates as predicted. Most likely, parts of the Li ions diffuse along the Si5 rings that form chains in the Zintl phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Volgmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Callinstr. 3 – 3a, D-30167 Hannover , Germany
- ZFM – Center for Solid State Chemistry and New Materials , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Callinstr. 3 – 3a, D-30167 Hannover , Germany
| | - Viktor Epp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Callinstr. 3 – 3a, D-30167 Hannover , Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries , Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz) , Stremayrgasse 9 , A-8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Julia Langer
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries , Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz) , Stremayrgasse 9 , A-8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Bernhard Stanje
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries , Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz) , Stremayrgasse 9 , A-8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Jessica Heine
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Callinstr. 3 – 3a, D-30167 Hannover , Germany
- ZFM – Center for Solid State Chemistry and New Materials , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Callinstr. 3 – 3a, D-30167 Hannover , Germany
| | - Suliman Nakhal
- Institut für Chemie, Sekr. C2 , Technische Universität Berlin , Straße des 17. Juni 135 , D-10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Martin Lerch
- Institut für Chemie, Sekr. C2 , Technische Universität Berlin , Straße des 17. Juni 135 , D-10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Martin Wilkening
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Callinstr. 3 – 3a, D-30167 Hannover , Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries , Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz) , Stremayrgasse 9 , A-8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Paul Heitjans
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Callinstr. 3 – 3a, D-30167 Hannover , Germany
- ZFM – Center for Solid State Chemistry and New Materials , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Callinstr. 3 – 3a, D-30167 Hannover , Germany
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14
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Chadwick A, Pickup D, Ramos S, Cibin G, Tapia-Ruiz N, Breuer S, Wohlmuth D, Wilkening M. An X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy Study of Ball-Milled Lithium Tantalate and Lithium Titanate Nanocrystals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/169/1/012015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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15
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Prutsch D, Breuer S, Uitz M, Bottke P, Langer J, Lunghammer S, Philipp M, Posch P, Pregartner V, Stanje B, Dunst A, Wohlmuth D, Brandstätter H, Schmidt W, Epp V, Chadwick A, Hanzu I, Wilkening M. Nanostructured Ceramics: Ionic Transport and Electrochemical Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2016-0924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCeramics with nm-sized dimensions are widely used in various applications such as batteries, fuel cells or sensors. Their oftentimes superior electrochemical properties as well as their capabilities to easily conduct ions are, however, not completely understood. Depending on the method chosen to prepare the materials, nanostructured ceramics may be equipped with a large area fraction of interfacial regions that exhibit structural disorder. Elucidating the relationship between microscopic disorder and ion dynamics as well as electrochemical performance is necessary to develop new functionalized materials. Here, we highlight some of the very recent studies on ion transport and electrochemical properties of nanostructured ceramics. Emphasis is put on TiO
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16
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Schafzahl L, Hanzu I, Wilkening M, Freunberger SA. An Electrolyte for Reversible Cycling of Sodium Metal and Intercalation Compounds. ChemSusChem 2017; 10:401-408. [PMID: 27860417 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201601222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Na battery chemistries show poor passivation behavior of low voltage Na storage compounds and Na metal with organic carbonate-based electrolytes adopted from Li-ion batteries. Therefore, a suitable electrolyte remains a major challenge for establishing Na batteries. Here we report highly concentrated sodium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (NaFSI) in dimethoxyethane (DME) electrolytes and investigate them for Na metal and hard carbon anodes and intercalation cathodes. For a DME/NaFSI ratio of 2, a stable passivation of anode materials was found owing to the formation of a stable solid electrolyte interface, which was characterized spectroscopically. This permitted non-dentritic Na metal cycling with approximately 98 % coulombic efficiency as shown for up to 300 cycles. The NaFSI/DME electrolyte may enable Na-metal anodes and allows for more reliable assessment of electrode materials in Na-ion half-cells, as is demonstrated by comparing half-cell cycling of hard carbon anodes and Na3 V2 (PO4 )3 cathodes with a widely used carbonate and the NaFSI/DME electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schafzahl
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Ilie Hanzu
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Wilkening
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan A Freunberger
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
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17
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Wagner R, Rettenwander D, Redhammer GJ, Tippelt G, Sabathi G, Musso ME, Stanje B, Wilkening M, Suard E, Amthauer G. Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Stability of Cubic Li 7-xLa 3Zr 2-xBi xO 12. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:12211-12219. [PMID: 27934443 PMCID: PMC5141546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Li oxide garnets
are among the most promising candidates for solid-state electrolytes
in novel Li ion and Li metal based battery concepts. Cubic Li7La3Zr2O12 stabilized by a
partial substitution of Zr4+ by Bi5+ has not
been the focus of research yet, despite the fact that Bi5+ would be a cost-effective alternative to other stabilizing cations
such as Nb5+ and Ta5+. In this study, Li7–xLa3Zr2–xBixO12 (x = 0.10, 0.20, ..., 1.00) was prepared by a low-temperature
solid-state synthesis route. The samples have been characterized by
a rich portfolio of techniques, including scanning electron microscopy,
X-ray powder diffraction, neutron powder diffraction, Raman spectroscopy,
and 7Li NMR spectroscopy. Pure-phase cubic garnet samples
were obtained for x ≥ 0.20. The introduction
of Bi5+ leads to an increase in the unit-cell parameters.
Samples are sensitive to air, which causes the formation of LiOH and
Li2CO3 and the protonation of the garnet phase,
leading to a further increase in the unit-cell parameters. The incorporation
of Bi5+ on the octahedral 16a site was
confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. 7Li NMR spectroscopy shows
that fast Li ion dynamics are only observed for samples with high
Bi5+ contents. The cubic modification of
Li7La3Zr2O12 can be stabilized
by a by a partial substitution of Zr4+ by Bi5+. The incorporation of Bi5+ leads to an increase in the
unit-cell parameters. Samples prepared by a low-temperature preparation
route are sensitive to CO2 and H2O from air,
causing a protonation of the garnet phase. 7Li NMR spectroscopy
shows that fast translational Li ion dynamics are only observed for
samples with high Bi5+ contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Wagner
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg , 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniel Rettenwander
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg , 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Günther J Redhammer
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg , 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gerold Tippelt
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg , 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gebhard Sabathi
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg , 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Maurizio E Musso
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg , 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Bernhard Stanje
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology , 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Wilkening
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology , 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Emmanuelle Suard
- Diffraction Group, Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL) , 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Georg Amthauer
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg , 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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18
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Wilkening M, Düvel A, Preishuber-Pflügl F, da Silva K, Breuer S, Šepelák V, Heitjans P. Structure and ion dynamics of mechanosynthesized oxides and fluorides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/zkri-2016-1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In many cases, limitations in conventional synthesis routes hamper the accessibility to materials with properties that have been predicted by theory. For instance, metastable compounds with local non-equilibrium structures can hardly be accessed by solid-state preparation techniques often requiring high synthesis temperatures. Also other ways of preparation lead to the thermodynamically stable rather than metastable products. Fortunately, such hurdles can be overcome by mechanochemical synthesis. Mechanical treatment of two or three starting materials in high-energy ball mills enables the synthesis of not only new, metastable compounds but also of nanocrystalline materials with unusual or enhanced properties such as ion transport. In this short review we report about local structures and ion transport of oxides and fluorides mechanochemically prepared by high-energy ball-milling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wilkening
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (member of NAWI Graz), Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 3-3a, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andre Düvel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Zentrum für Festkörperchemie und Neue Materialien (ZFM), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 3-3a, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Preishuber-Pflügl
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (member of NAWI Graz), Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Klebson da Silva
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer-Str. 10, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 3-3a, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Department of Physics of Materials, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, 87020900 Maringá, Brazil
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Breuer
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (member of NAWI Graz), Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Vladimir Šepelák
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Paul Heitjans
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Zentrum für Festkörperchemie und Neue Materialien (ZFM), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 3-3a, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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19
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Brandstätter H, Hanzu I, Wilkening M. Myth and Reality about the Origin of Inductive Loops in Impedance Spectra of Lithium-Ion Electrodes — A Critical Experimental Approach. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.03.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Senna M, Fabián M, Kavan L, Zukalová M, Briančin J, Turianicová E, Bottke P, Wilkening M, Šepelák V. Electrochemical properties of spinel Li4Ti5O12 nanoparticles prepared via a low-temperature solid route. J Solid State Electrochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-016-3272-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Abstract
The performance of new sensors or advanced electrochemical energy storage devices strongly depends on the active materials chosen to realize such systems. In particular, their morphology may greatly influence their overall macroscopic properties. Frequently, limitations in classical ways of chemical preparation routes hamper the development of materials with tailored properties. Fortunately, such hurdles can be overcome by mechanochemical synthesis. The versatility of mechanosynthesis allows the provision of compounds that are not available through common synthesis routes. The mechanical treatment of two or three starting materials in high-energy ball mills enables the synthesis not only of new compounds but also of nanocrystalline materials with unusual properties such as enhanced ion dynamics. Fast ion transport is of crucial importance in electrochemical energy storage. It is worth noting that mechanosynthesis also provides access to metastable phases that cannot be synthesized by conventional solid state synthesis. Ceramic synthesis routes often yield the thermally, i.e., thermodynamically, stable products rather than metastable compounds. In this perspective we report the mechanochemical synthesis of nanocrystalline fluorine ion conductors that serve as model substances to understand the relationship between local structures and ion dynamics. While ion transport properties were complementarily probed via conductivity spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic relaxation, local structures of the phases prepared were investigated by high-resolution (19)F NMR spectroscopy carried out by fast magic angle spinning. The combination of nuclear and non-nuclear techniques also helped us to shed light on the mechanisms controlling mechanochemical reactions in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Preishuber-Pflügl
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, DFG-SPP 1415, Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz), Stremayrgasse 9/Z4, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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22
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Rettenwander D, Redhammer G, Preishuber-Pflügl F, Cheng L, Miara L, Wagner R, Welzl A, Suard E, Doeff MM, Wilkening M, Fleig J, Amthauer G. Structural and Electrochemical Consequences of Al and Ga Cosubstitution in Li 7La 3Zr 2O 12 Solid Electrolytes. Chem Mater 2016; 28:2384-2392. [PMID: 27110064 PMCID: PMC4836877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Several "Beyond Li-Ion Battery" concepts such as all solid-state batteries and hybrid liquid/solid systems envision the use of a solid electrolyte to protect Li-metal anodes. These configurations are very attractive due to the possibility of exceptionally high energy densities and high (dis)charge rates, but they are far from being realized practically due to a number of issues including high interfacial resistance and difficulties associated with fabrication. One of the most promising solid electrolyte systems for these applications is Al or Ga stabilized Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) based on high ionic conductivities and apparent stability against reduction by Li metal. Nevertheless, the fabrication of dense LLZO membranes with high ionic conductivity and low interfacial resistances remains challenging; it definitely requires a better understanding of the structural and electrochemical properties. In this study, the phase transition from garnet (Ia3̅d, No. 230) to "non-garnet" (I4̅3d, No. 220) space group as a function of composition and the different sintering behavior of Ga and Al stabilized LLZO are identified as important factors in determining the electrochemical properties. The phase transition was located at an Al:Ga substitution ratio of 0.05:0.15 and is accompanied by a significant lowering of the activation energy for Li-ion transport to 0.26 eV. The phase transition combined with microstructural changes concomitant with an increase of the Ga/Al ratio continuously improves the Li-ion conductivity from 2.6 × 10-4 S cm-1 to 1.2 × 10-3 S cm-1, which is close to the calculated maximum for garnet-type materials. The increase in Ga content is also associated with better densification and smaller grains and is accompanied by a change in the area specific resistance (ASR) from 78 to 24 Ω cm2, the lowest reported value for LLZO so far. These results illustrate that understanding the structure-properties relationships in this class of materials allows practical obstacles to its utilization to be readily overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rettenwander
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
- (D.R.) E-mail:
| | - Günther Redhammer
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Florian Preishuber-Pflügl
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, Institute for Chemistry
and Technology of Materials, DFG Research Unit 1277 molife, Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz), 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Lei Cheng
- Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Energy Storage and Distributed Resources
Division, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Berkeley, 94720, United States
| | - Lincoln Miara
- Samsung
Advanced Institute of Technology, 255 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Reinhard Wagner
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Welzl
- Institute
for Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Emmanuelle Suard
- Diffraction
group, Institute Laue-Langevin (ILL), 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marca M. Doeff
- Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Energy Storage and Distributed Resources
Division, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Wilkening
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, Institute for Chemistry
and Technology of Materials, DFG Research Unit 1277 molife, Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz), 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Jürgen Fleig
- Institute
for Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Amthauer
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
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23
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Wagner R, Redhammer G, Rettenwander D, Senyshyn A, Schmidt W, Wilkening M, Amthauer G. Crystal Structure of Garnet-Related Li-Ion Conductor Li 7-3x Ga x La 3Zr 2O 12: Fast Li-Ion Conduction Caused by a Different Cubic Modification? Chem Mater 2016; 28:1861-1871. [PMID: 27019548 PMCID: PMC4806310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Li-oxide garnets such as Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) are among the most promising candidates for solid-state electrolytes to be used in next-generation Li-ion batteries. The garnet-structured cubic modification of LLZO, showing space group Ia-3d, has to be stabilized with supervalent cations. LLZO stabilized with Ga3+ shows superior properties compared to LLZO stabilized with similar cations; however, the reason for this behavior is still unknown. In this study, a comprehensive structural characterization of Ga-stabilized LLZO is performed by means of single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Coarse-grained samples with crystal sizes of several hundred micrometers are obtained by solid-state reaction. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction results show that Li7-3x Ga x La3Zr2O12 with x > 0.07 crystallizes in the acentric cubic space group I-43d. This is the first definite record of this cubic modification for LLZO materials and might explain the superior electrochemical performance of Ga-stabilized LLZO compared to its Al-stabilized counterpart. The phase transition seems to be caused by the site preference of Ga3+. 7Li NMR spectroscopy indicates an additional Li-ion diffusion process for LLZO with space group I-43d compared to space group Ia-3d. Despite all efforts undertaken to reveal structure-property relationships for this class of materials, this study highlights the potential for new discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Wagner
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse
34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- E-mail:
| | - Günther
J. Redhammer
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse
34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniel Rettenwander
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse
34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- E-mail:
| | - Anatoliy Senyshyn
- Heinz
Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum, Technische Universität
München, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Walter Schmidt
- Institute
for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Wilkening
- Institute
for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Georg Amthauer
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse
34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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24
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Prutsch D, Wilkening M, Hanzu I. Electrochemical preparation of tin–titania nanocomposite arrays. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19209b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first successful electrodeposition of Sn inside self-organized anodic titania nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Prutsch
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - M. Wilkening
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries
| | - I. Hanzu
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries
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25
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Prutsch D, Wilkening M, Hanzu I. Long-Cycle-Life Na-Ion Anodes Based on Amorphous Titania Nanotubes--Interfaces and Diffusion. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:25757-25769. [PMID: 26517737 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b07508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous self-assembled titania nanotube layers are fabricated by anodization in ethylene glycol based baths. The nanotubes having diameters between 70-130 nm and lengths between 4.5-17 μm are assembled in Na-ion test cells. Their sodium insertion properties and electrochemical behavior with respect to sodium insertion is studied by galvanostatic cycling with potential limitation and cyclic voltammetry. It is found that these materials are very resilient to cycling, some being able to withstand more than 300 cycles without significant loss of capacity. The mechanism of electrochemical storage of Na(+) in the investigated titania nanotubes is found to present significant particularities and differences from a classical insertion reaction. It appears that the interfacial region between titania and the liquid electrolyte is hosting the majority of Na(+) ions and that this interfacial layer has a pseudocapacitive behavior. Also, for the first time, the chemical diffusion coefficients of Na(+) into the amorphous titania nanotubes is determined at various electrode potentials. The low values of diffusion coefficients, ranging between 4 × 10(-20) to 1 × 10(-21) cm(2)/s, support the interfacial Na(+) storage mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Prutsch
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
- ALISTORE-ERI European Research Institute , 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Martin Wilkening
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
- ALISTORE-ERI European Research Institute , 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Ilie Hanzu
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
- ALISTORE-ERI European Research Institute , 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Epp
- Graz University of Technology, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, Stremayrgasse 9, A–8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Wilkening
- Graz University of Technology, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, Stremayrgasse 9, A–8010 Graz, Austria
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27
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Wohlmuth D, Epp V, Wilkening M. Fast Li ion dynamics in the solid electrolyte Li7 P3 S11 as probed by (6,7) Li NMR spin-lattice relaxation. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:2582-93. [PMID: 26192263 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of safe and long-lasting all-solid-state batteries with high energy density requires a thorough characterization of ion dynamics in solid electrolytes. Commonly, conductivity spectroscopy is used to study ion transport; much less frequently, however, atomic-scale methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are employed. Here, we studied long-range as well as short-range Li ion dynamics in the glass-ceramic Li7 P3 S11 . Li(+) diffusivity was probed by using a combination of different NMR techniques; the results are compared with those obtained from electrical conductivity measurements. Our NMR relaxometry data clearly reveal a very high Li(+) diffusivity, which is reflected in a so-called diffusion-induced (6) Li NMR spin-lattice relaxation peak showing up at temperatures as low as 313 K. At this temperature, the mean residence time between two successful Li jumps is in the order of 3×10(8) s(-1) , which corresponds to a Li(+) ion conductivity in the order of 10(-4) to 10(-3) S cm(-1) . Such a value is in perfect agreement with expectations for the crystalline but metastable glass ceramic Li7 P3 S11 . In contrast to conductivity measurements, NMR analysis reveals a range of activation energies with values ranging from 0.17 to 0.26 eV, characterizing Li diffusivity in the bulk. In our case, through-going Li ion transport, when probed by using macroscopic conductivity spectroscopy, however, seems to be influenced by blocking grain boundaries including, for example, amorphous regions surrounding the Li7 P3 S11 crystallites. As a result of this, long-range ion transport as seen by impedance spectroscopy is governed by an activation energy of approximately 0.38 eV. The findings emphasize how surface and grain boundary effects can drastically affect long-range ionic conduction. If we are to succeed in solid-state battery technology, such effects have to be brought under control by, for example, sophisticated densification or through the preparation of samples that are free of any amorphous regions that block fast ion transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Wohlmuth
- Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, Graz University of Technology, Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, NAWI Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz (Austria).
| | - Viktor Epp
- Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, Graz University of Technology, Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, NAWI Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz (Austria).,DFG Research Unit 1277, Mobility of Li Ions in Solids, Graz University of Technology, Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz (Austria)
| | - Martin Wilkening
- Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, Graz University of Technology, Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, NAWI Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz (Austria).,DFG Research Unit 1277, Mobility of Li Ions in Solids, Graz University of Technology, Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz (Austria)
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28
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Abstract
Abstract
The monoclinic polymorph of Li2TiO3 (β-form) is known
to be a relatively poor Li ion conductor. Up to now, no
information is available on how the ion transport properties change
when going from well-ordered crystalline Li2TiO3 to
a structurally disordered form with the same chemical
composition. Here, we used high-energy ball milling to prepare
nanocrystalline, defect-rich Li2TiO3; ion dynamics have been
studied via impedance spectroscopy. It turned out that ball
milling offers the possibility to enhance long-range ion transport in
the oxide by approximately 3 orders of magnitude. Its effect on the
oxide ceramic is two-fold: besides the introduction of a large number
of defects, the originally μm-sized crystallites are
decreased to crystallites with a mean diameter of less than
50 nm. This process is accompanied by a mechanically
induced phase transformation towards the α-form of
Li2TiO3; besides that, a significant amount of amorphous
materials is produced during milling. Structural disorder in
nanocrystalline as well as amorphous Li2TiO3 is anticipated
to play the capital role in governing Li ion dynamics of the
sample finally obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Brandstätter
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dominik Wohlmuth
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Patrick Bottke
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Veronika Pregartner
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Wilkening
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, CD-lab for Li-Batteries, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
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29
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Preishuber-Pflügl F, Bottke P, Pregartner V, Bitschnau B, Wilkening M. Correlated fluorine diffusion and ionic conduction in the nanocrystalline F(-) solid electrolyte Ba(0.6)La(0.4)F(2.4)-(19)F T1(ρ) NMR relaxation vs. conductivity measurements. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:9580-90. [PMID: 24728404 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00422a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemical reactions induced by mechanical treatment may give access to new compounds whose properties are governed by chemical metastability, defects introduced and the size effects present. Their interplay may lead to nanocrystalline ceramics with enhanced transport properties being useful to act as solid electrolytes. Here, the introduction of large amounts of La into the cubic structure of BaF2 served as such an example. The ion transport properties in terms of dc-conductivity values of the F(-) anion conductor Ba1-xLaxF2+x (here with x = 0.4) considerably exceed those of pure, nanocrystalline BaF2. So far, there is only little knowledge about activation energies and jump rates of the elementary hopping processes. Here, we took advantage of both impedance spectroscopy and (19)F NMR relaxometry to get to the bottom of ion jump diffusion proceeding on short-range and long-range length scales in Ba0.6La0.4F2.4. While macroscopic transport is governed by an activation energy of 0.55 to 0.59 eV, the elementary steps of hopping seen by NMR are characterised by much smaller activation energies. Fortunately, we were able to deduce an F(-) self-diffusion coefficient by the application of spin-locking NMR relaxometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Preishuber-Pflügl
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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30
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Stanje B, Epp V, Nakhal S, Lerch M, Wilkening M. Li ion dynamics along the inner surfaces of layer-structured 2H-LixNbS2. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:4089-99. [PMID: 25633906 DOI: 10.1021/am5078655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Layer-structured materials, such as graphite (LiCy) or Lix(Co,Ni,Mn)O2, are important electrode materials in current battery research that still relies on insertion materials. This is due to their excellent ability to reversibly accommodate small alkali ions such as Li(+) and Na(+). Despite of these applications, microscopic information on Li ion self-diffusion in transition metal sulfides are relatively rare. Here, we used (7)Li nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study translational Li ion diffusion in hexagonal (2H) LixNbS2 (x = 0.3, 0.7, and 1) by means of variable-temperature NMR relaxometry. (7)Li spin-lattice relaxation rates and (7)Li NMR spectra were used to determine Li jump rates and activation barriers as a function of Li content. Hereby, NMR spin-lattice relaxation rates recorded with the spin-lock technique offered the possibility to study Li ion dynamics on both the short-range and long-range length scale. Information was extracted from complete diffusion-induced rate peaks that are obtained when the relaxation rate is plotted vs inverse temperature. The peak maximum of the three samples studied shifts toward higher temperatures with increasing Li content x in 2H-LixNbS2. Information on the dimensionality of the diffusion process was experimentally obtained by frequency dependent Rρ measurements carried out at T = 444 K, that is in the high-temperature regime of the rate peaks. A slight, but measurable frequency-dependence within this limit is found for all samples; it is in good agreement with predictions from relaxation models developed to approximate low-dimensional (2D) jump diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Stanje
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, and Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (Member of NAWI Graz), Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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31
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Fabián M, Bottke P, Girman V, Düvel A, Da Silva KL, Wilkening M, Hahn H, Heitjans P, Šepelák V. A simple and straightforward mechanochemical synthesis of the far-from-equilibrium zinc aluminate, ZnAl2O4, and its response to thermal treatment. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09098a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Far-from-equilibrium nanostructured ZnAl2O4 is prepared via simple and straightforward mechanochemical synthesis. Upon heating above 1100 K, mechanosynthesized ZnAl2O4 relaxes towards a structural state that is similar to the bulk one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fabián
- Institute of Nanotechnology
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
- Institute of Geotechnics
| | - Patrick Bottke
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Vladimír Girman
- Institute of Physics
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University
- 04154 Košice
- Slovakia
| | - Andre Düvel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry
- Leibniz University Hannover
- 30167 Hannover
- Germany
- Center for Solid State Chemistry and New Materials (ZFM)
| | - Klebson Lucenildo Da Silva
- Institute of Nanotechnology
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
- Department of Physics
| | - Martin Wilkening
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Horst Hahn
- Institute of Nanotechnology
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Paul Heitjans
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry
- Leibniz University Hannover
- 30167 Hannover
- Germany
- Center for Solid State Chemistry and New Materials (ZFM)
| | - Vladimír Šepelák
- Institute of Nanotechnology
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
- Institute of Geotechnics
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32
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Epp V, Ma Q, Hammer EM, Tietz F, Wilkening M. Very fast bulk Li ion diffusivity in crystalline Li1.5Al0.5Ti1.5(PO4)3 as seen using NMR relaxometry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:32115-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05337d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
7Li NMR spin-lock relaxometry reveals the elementary activation barriers, EA, the ions have to jump over in LATP-based fast lithium-ion conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Epp
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries
- and Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Qianli Ma
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research
- Materials Synthesis and Processing (IEK-1)
- 52425 Jülich
- Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Hammer
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research
- Materials Synthesis and Processing (IEK-1)
- 52425 Jülich
- Germany
| | - Frank Tietz
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research
- Materials Synthesis and Processing (IEK-1)
- 52425 Jülich
- Germany
| | - Martin Wilkening
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries
- and Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
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33
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Preishuber-Pflügl F, Epp V, Nakhal S, Lerch M, Wilkening M. Defect-enhanced F-
ion conductivity in layer-structured nanocrystalline BaSnF4
prepared by high-energy ball milling combined with soft annealing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pssc.201400193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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34
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Aigner D, Freunberger S, Wilkening M, Saf R, Borisov SM, Klimant I. Enhancing photoinduced electron transfer efficiency of fluorescent pH-probes with halogenated phenols. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9293-300. [PMID: 25126834 PMCID: PMC4165219 DOI: 10.1021/ac502513g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced electron transfer (PET), which causes pH-dependent quenching of fluorescent dyes, is more effectively introduced by phenolic groups than by amino groups which have been much more commonly used so far. That is demonstrated by fluorescence measurements involving several classes of fluorophores. Electrochemical measurements show that PET in several amino-modified dyes is thermodynamically favorable, even though it was not experimentally found, underlining the importance of kinetic aspects to the process. Consequently, the attachment of phenolic groups allows for fast and simple preparation of a wide selection of fluorescent pH-probes with tailor-made spectral properties, sensitive ranges, and individual advantages, so that a large number of applications can be realized. Fluorophores carrying phenolic groups may also be used for sensing analytes other than pH or molecular switching and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Aigner
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI
Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan
A. Freunberger
- Institute
for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, NAWI
Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Wilkening
- Institute
for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, NAWI
Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Saf
- Institute
for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, NAWI
Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sergey M. Borisov
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI
Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ingo Klimant
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI
Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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35
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Abstract
In this work, a new synthetic pathway yielding unprotected amino propyl tin compounds is described. For this purpose, mono stannanes with different substitution patterns are used. In a first step, tin hydrides are deprotonated using lithium diisopropyl amide and mixed with an electrophile containing a protected amine in the ω-position. After deprotection via acidic hydrolysis, the desired amino propyl tin compounds are obtained in high yield and purity. The thermal reaction behavior of the amino propyl tin hydrohalide intermediates containing one aromatic residue at the central tin atom is also investigated. For this purpose, amino propyl tin hydrohalides are heated under vacuum until the aromatic hydrocarbon is liberated. This thermal treatment leads to so far unknown tin halides containing an amino propyl side chain. For all of these substances detailed liquid 1H, 13C, and 119Sn-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data were obtained, and in one case solid state NMR is also conducted. Regarding solids, single crystal X-ray analysis is performed. Some derivatization reactions with these new substances are demonstrated, especially the synthesis of an amino propyl tin carboxylate, which might be very interesting for biological, pharmaceutical, or technical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Pichler
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ana Torvisco
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Patrick Bottke
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Wilkening
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Frank Uhlig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria
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36
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Rettenwander D, Blaha P, Laskowski R, Schwarz K, Bottke P, Wilkening M, Geiger C, Amthauer G. DFT Study of the Role of Al 3+ in the Fast Ion-Conductor Li 7-3x Al 3+x La 3Zr 2O 12 Garnet. Chem Mater 2014; 26:2617-2623. [PMID: 25673921 PMCID: PMC4311941 DOI: 10.1021/cm5000999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We investigate theoretically the site occupancy of Al3+ in the fast-ion-conducting cubic-garnet Li7-3x Al3+x La3Zr2O12 (Ia-3d) using density functional theory. By comparing calculated and measured 27Al NMR chemical shifts an analysis shows that Al3+ prefers the tetrahedrally coordinated 24d site and a distorted 4-fold coordinated 96h site. The site energies for Al3+ ions, which are slightly displaced from the exact crystallographic sites (i.e., 24d and 96h), are similar leading to a distribution of slightly different local oxygen coordination environments. Thus, broad 27Al NMR resonances result reflecting the distribution of different isotropic chemical shifts and quadrupole coupling constants. From an energetic point of view, there is evidence that Al3+ could also occupy the 48g site with its almost regular octahedral coordination sphere. Although this has been reported by neutron powder diffraction, the NMR chemical shift calculated for such an Al3+ site has not been observed experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rettenwander
- Department
of Materials Research and Physics, University
of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Blaha
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University
of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Laskowski
- Institute of High
Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research
(A*STAR), 138632 Singapore
| | - Karlheinz Schwarz
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University
of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Bottke
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, Institute for Chemistry
and Technology of Materials, Graz University
of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Wilkening
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, Institute for Chemistry
and Technology of Materials, Graz University
of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Charles
A. Geiger
- Department
of Materials Research and Physics, University
of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Georg Amthauer
- Department
of Materials Research and Physics, University
of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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37
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Abstract
Technological and scientific challenges coupled with environmental considerations have prompted a search for simple and energy-efficient syntheses and processing routes of materials. This tutorial review provides an overview of recent research efforts in non-conventional reactions and syntheses of oxides induced by mechanical action. It starts with a brief account of the history of mechanochemistry. Ensuing discussions will review the progress in homogeneous and heterogeneous mechanochemical reactions in oxides of various structures. The review demonstrates that the event of mechanically induced reactions provides novel opportunities for the non-thermal manipulation of materials and for the tailoring of their properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Šepelák
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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38
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Marczewski MJ, Stanje B, Hanzu I, Wilkening M, Johansson P. “Ionic liquids-in-salt” – a promising electrolyte concept for high-temperature lithium batteries? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:12341-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01133c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel electrolyte concept, “ionic liquid-in-salt”, is presented here through the proof-of-concept system (1 − x)EMIMTFSI–(x)LiTFSI, 0.66 ≤ x ≤ 0.97.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernhard Stanje
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ilie Hanzu
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz, Austria
- ALISTORE-ERI European Research Institute
| | - Martin Wilkening
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Patrik Johansson
- Department of Applied Physics
- Chalmers University of Technology
- Göteborg, Sweden
- ALISTORE-ERI European Research Institute
- 80039 Amiens, France
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39
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Abstract
The ternary fluoride BaMgF4 is mechanically synthesized and shows anisotropic F dynamics even in its nanocrystalline form.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Preishuber-Pflügl
- Graz University of Technology
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (Member of NAWI Graz)
- 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - M. Wilkening
- Graz University of Technology
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (Member of NAWI Graz)
- 8010 Graz, Austria
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40
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Bottke P, Ren Y, Hanzu I, Bruce PG, Wilkening M. Li ion dynamics in TiO2anode materials with an ordered hierarchical pore structure – insights from ex situ NMR. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:1894-901. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54586e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Epp V, Wilkening M. Motion of Li+in Nanoengineered LiBH4and LiBH4:Al2O3Comparison with the Microcrystalline Form. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:3706-13. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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42
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Epp V, Nakhal S, Lerch M, Wilkening M. Two-dimensional diffusion in Li0.7NbS2 as directly probed by frequency-dependent 7Li NMR. J Phys Condens Matter 2013; 25:195402. [PMID: 23604197 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/19/195402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Li ion diffusion in layer-structured Li0.7NbS2 has been complementary investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy from an atomic scale point of view. In the present case, (7)Li NMR spin-lattice relaxation (SLR) rates R1ρ probed in the rotating frame of reference proved very informative in characterizing the Li self-diffusion process in the van der Waals gap between the NbS2 layers. While temperature-variable SLRρ measurements were used to determine dynamic parameters such as jump rates (τ(-1)) and the activation energy (Ea), frequency-dependent measurements were used to specify the dimensionality of the diffusion process. In particular, the effect of annealing, i.e., the distribution of Li ions between the layers, on overall Li dynamics has been studied. When plotted in an Arrhenius diagram, the R1ρ rates of an annealed sample, which were recorded at a locking frequency of 20 kHz, pass through a diffusion-induced relaxation peak whose maximum shows up at 320 K. Employing an appropriate diffusion model and appropriately accounting for a non-diffusive background relaxation, a Li jump rate τ(-1)(300 K) ≈ 1.3 × 10(5) s(-1) and an activation energy Ea of 0.43(2) eV can be deduced. Most importantly, in the high-T limit of the diffusion-induced rate peak, i.e., when ω1τ << 1 holds, the rates follow a logarithmic frequency dependence. This points to a diffusion process of low dimensionality and is in good agreement with predictions of relaxation models developed for 2D diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Epp
- Graz University of Technology, Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz, Austria.
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43
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Rosciano F, Pescarmona PP, Houthoofd K, Persoons A, Bottke P, Wilkening M. Towards a lattice-matching solid-state battery: synthesis of a new class of lithium-ion conductors with the spinel structure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:6107-12. [PMID: 23503337 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50803j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lithium ion batteries have conquered most of the portable electronics market and are now on the verge of deployment in large scale applications. To be competitive in the automotive and stationary sectors, however, they must be improved in the fields of safety and energy density (W h L(-1)). Solid-state batteries with a ceramic electrolyte offer the necessary advantages to significantly improve the current state-of-the-art technology. The major limit towards realizing a practical solid-state lithium-ion battery lies in the lack of viable ceramic ionic conductors. Only a few candidate materials are available, each carrying a difficult balance between advantages and drawbacks. Here we introduce a new class of possible solid-state lithium-ion conductors with the spinel structure. Such compounds could be coupled with spinel-type electrode materials to obtain a "lattice matching" solid device where low interfacial resistance could be achieved. Powders were prepared by wet chemistry, their structure was studied by means of diffraction techniques and magic angle spinning NMR, and Li(+) self-diffusion was estimated by static NMR line shape measurements. Profound differences in the Li(+) diffusion properties were observed depending on the composition, lithium content and cationic distribution. Local Li(+) hopping in the spinel materials is accompanied by a low activation energy of circa 0.35 eV being comparable with that of, e.g., LLZO-type garnets, which represent the current benchmark in this field. We propose these novel materials as a building block for a lattice-matching all-spinel solid-state battery with low interfacial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Rosciano
- Toyota Motor Europe, Advanced Technology 1, Hoge Wei 33, B-1930 Zaventem, Belgium.
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44
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Epp V, Gün Ö, Deiseroth HJ, Wilkening M. Long-range Li+ dynamics in the lithium argyrodite Li7PSe6 as probed by rotating-frame spin–lattice relaxation NMR. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:7123-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp44379e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Kohl J, Nakhal S, Ferro N, Bottke P, Wilkening M, Bredow T, Heitjans P, Lerch M. Low-Temperature Synthesis, Characterization, and Stability of Spinel-Type Li2NiF4and Solid-Solutions Li2Ni1-xCoxF4. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201200455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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46
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Islam MM, Wilkening M, Heitjans P, Bredow T. Insights into Li(+) Migration Pathways in α-Li3VF6: A First-Principles Investigation. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:3120-3124. [PMID: 26296016 DOI: 10.1021/jz3014198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic, structural, and defect properties of lithium vanadium hexafluoride (α-Li3VF6) are investigated theoretically with periodic quantum chemical methods. It is found that the ferromagnetic phase is more stable than the antiferromagnetic phase. The crystal structure contains three inequivalent Li sites (Li(1), Li(2), and Li(3)), where Li(1) occupies the middle position of the triplet Li(2)-Li(1)-Li(3). The calculated Li vacancy formation energies show that vacancy formation is preferred for the Li(1) and Li(3) sites compared to the Li(2) position. The Li exchange processes between Li(1) ↔ Li(3), Li(1) ↔ Li(2), and Li(2) ↔ Li(3) are studied by calculating the Li(+) migration between these sites using the climbing-image nudged elastic band approach. It is observed that Li exchange in α-Li3VF6 may take place in the following order: Li(1) ↔ Li(3) > (Li(1) ↔ Li(2) > Li(2) ↔ Li(3). This is in agreement with recently published results obtained from 1D and 2D (6)Li exchange nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazharul M Islam
- †Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Wilkening
- ‡Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz
| | | | - Thomas Bredow
- †Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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47
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Epp V, Nakhal S, Lerch M, Wilkening M. 2D Li Diffusion in Layer-Structured LixNbS2 as Probed by Frequency-Dependent T1 NMR Measurements. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201204082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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48
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Düvel A, Heitjans P, Wilkening M. Synthesis, Microstructure, and Transport Properties of Non-Equilibrium Fluorine Ion Conductors. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201204139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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49
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Bottke P, Ren Y, Bruce PG, Wilkening M. Ex situ NMR Measurements of Li Dynamics in TiO2 Anodes with an Ordered Hierarchical Pore Structure. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201204081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Ruprecht B, Wilkening M, Uecker R, Heitjans P. Extremely slow Li ion dynamics in monoclinic Li2TiO3--probing macroscopic jump diffusion via 7Li NMR stimulated echoes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:11974-80. [PMID: 22836957 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41662j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A thorough understanding of ion dynamics in solids, which is a vital topic in modern materials and energy research, requires the investigation of diffusion properties on a preferably large dynamic range by complementary techniques. Here, a polycrystalline sample of Li(2)TiO(3) was used as a model substance to study Li motion by both (7)Li spin-alignment echo (SAE) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ac-conductivity measurements. Although the two methods do probe Li dynamics in quite different ways, good agreement was found so that the Li diffusion parameters, such as jump rates and the activation energy, could be precisely determined over a dynamic range of approximately eleven decades. For example, Li solid-state diffusion coefficients D(σ) deduced from impedance spectroscopy range from 10(-23) m(2) s(-1) to 10(-12) m(2) s(-1) (240-835 K). These values are in perfect agreement with the coefficients D(SAE) deduced from SAE NMR spectroscopy. As an example, D(SAE) = 2 × 10(-17) m(2) s(-1) at 433 K and the corresponding activation energy determined by NMR amounts to 0.77(2) eV (400-600 K). At room temperature D(σ) takes a value of 3 × 10(-21) m(2) s(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Ruprecht
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, ZFM - Center for Solid State Chemistry and New Materials, Callinstr. 3a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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