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Rossi L, Wechsler L, Peltzer MA, Ciannamea EM, Ruseckaite RA, Stefani PM. Sustainable Particleboards Based on Brewer's Spent Grains. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:59. [PMID: 38201724 PMCID: PMC10780620 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Brewer's spent grain (BSG) is the main solid waste generated in beer production and primarily consists of barley malt husks. Based on the active promotion of circular economy practices aimed at recycling food industry by-products, this study assessed for the first time the production of particleboards based on BSG as the sole source of lignocellulosic material and natural adhesive without the use of additives or other substrates. In order to achieve particleboards from entirely sustainable sources, BSG particles have to self-bind by thermo-compression with water. In this context, the aim of this study is to assess the effects of pressing temperatures and particle size on properties such as modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, internal bond, thickness swelling, and water absorption. The performance of binderless boards was compared with that of a control panel (control) using BSG combined with phenolic resin. Processing conditions were selected to produce boards with a target density of 1000 kg/m³ and a thickness of 5 mm. To confirm the efficiency of the self-adhesion process, scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the boards. The processes of self-adhesion and particle-to-particle contact were facilitated at a pressing temperature of 170 °C and a particle size range of 200-2380 µm (ground BSG), resulting in improved flexural properties and enhanced water resistance. The properties of BSG-based binderless boards were comparable to those reported for other biomass residues, suggesting that they might be used in non-structural applications, such as interior decoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Rossi
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Av. Colón 10850, Mar del Plata B7600FDQ, Argentina; (L.R.); (L.W.); (E.M.C.); (R.A.R.)
| | - Lucia Wechsler
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Av. Colón 10850, Mar del Plata B7600FDQ, Argentina; (L.R.); (L.W.); (E.M.C.); (R.A.R.)
| | - Mercedes A. Peltzer
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal B1876BXD, Argentina;
| | - Emiliano M. Ciannamea
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Av. Colón 10850, Mar del Plata B7600FDQ, Argentina; (L.R.); (L.W.); (E.M.C.); (R.A.R.)
| | - Roxana A. Ruseckaite
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Av. Colón 10850, Mar del Plata B7600FDQ, Argentina; (L.R.); (L.W.); (E.M.C.); (R.A.R.)
| | - Pablo M. Stefani
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Av. Colón 10850, Mar del Plata B7600FDQ, Argentina; (L.R.); (L.W.); (E.M.C.); (R.A.R.)
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Lago A, Delgado JF, Rezzani GD, Cottet C, Ramírez Tapias YA, Peltzer MA, Salvay AG. Multi-Component Biodegradable Materials Based on Water Kefir Grains and Yeast Biomasses: Effect of the Mixing Ratio on the Properties of the Films. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2594. [PMID: 37376239 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of biopolymeric materials is restricted for some applications due to their deficient properties in comparison to synthetic polymers. Blending different biopolymers is an alternative approach to overcome these limitations. In this study, we developed new biopolymeric blend materials based on the entire biomasses of water kefir grains and yeast. Film-forming dispersions with varying ratios of water kefir to yeast (100/0, 75/25, 50/50 25/75 and 0/100) underwent ultrasonic homogenisation and thermal treatment, resulting in homogeneous dispersions with pseudoplastic behaviour and interaction between both biomasses. Films obtained by casting had a continuous microstructure without cracks or phase separation. Infrared spectroscopy revealed the interaction between the blend components, leading to a homogeneous matrix. As the water kefir content in the film increased, transparency, thermal stability, glass transition temperature and elongation at break also increased. The thermogravimetric analyses and the mechanical tests showed that the combination of water kefir and yeast biomasses resulted in stronger interpolymeric interactions compared to single biomass films. The ratio of the components did not drastically alter hydration and water transport. Our results revealed that blending water kefir grains and yeast biomasses enhanced thermal and mechanical properties. These studies provided evidence that the developed materials are suitable candidates for food packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Lago
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal B1876BXD, Argentina
| | - Juan F Delgado
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal B1876BXD, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
- Instituto de Tecnología en Polímeros y Nanotecnología (ITPN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Las Heras 2214, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1127, Argentina
| | - Guillermo D Rezzani
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal B1876BXD, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Celeste Cottet
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal B1876BXD, Argentina
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas (CIC), Calle 526, La Plata B1900, Argentina
| | - Yuly A Ramírez Tapias
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal B1876BXD, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Mercedes A Peltzer
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal B1876BXD, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Andrés G Salvay
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal B1876BXD, Argentina
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Tapias YA, Monte MD, Peltzer MA, Salvay AG. Kombucha fermentation in yerba mate: Cellulose production, films formulation and its characterisation. Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2023.100310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
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Ramírez Tapias YA, Di Monte MV, Peltzer MA, Salvay AG. Bacterial cellulose films production by Kombucha symbiotic community cultured on different herbal infusions. Food Chem 2022; 372:131346. [PMID: 34818748 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The symbiotic community of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) of Kombucha beverage produces a floating film composed of bacterial cellulose, a distinctive biobased material. In this work, Kombucha fermentation was carried out in six different herbal infusions, where SCOBY was able to synthesise cellulosic films. Infusions of black and green tea, yerba mate, lavender, oregano and fennel added with sucrose (100 g/l) were used as culture media. In all cultures, film production resulted in a maximum after 21 days. Yield conversion, process productivity and antioxidant activity were quantified. Macroscopic and microscopic features of films were determined based on electronic microscopy, calorimetric and mechanical properties and hydration behaviour. Native films from yerba mate had a remarkable antioxidant activity of 93 ± 4% of radical inhibition due to plant polyphenols, which could prevent food oxidation. Results revealed that films retained natural bioactive substances preserving important physicochemical properties, essential for developing active materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuly A Ramírez Tapias
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, (B1876BXD) Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425FQB), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Argentina.
| | - M Victoria Di Monte
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, (B1876BXD) Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes A Peltzer
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, (B1876BXD) Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425FQB), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Argentina
| | - Andrés G Salvay
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, (B1876BXD) Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Delgado JF, Salvay AG, de la Osa O, Wagner JR, Peltzer MA. Impact of the film-forming dispersion pH on the properties of yeast biomass films. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:5636-5644. [PMID: 33709441 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yeast biomass, mainly composed of proteins and polysaccharides (mannans and β-glucans), has been proposed to develop films. pH can affect the solubility of polysaccharides, the structure of the cell wall, and the interactions between proteins. Considering the potential impact of these effects, the pH of yeast film-forming dispersions was studied from 4 to 11. RESULTS In tensile tests, samples increased their elongation by increasing pH, from 7 ± 2% (pH 4) to 29 ± 5% (pH 11), but Young's modulus was not significantly modified. Regarding thermal degradation, the maximum degradation rate temperature was shifted 46 °C from pH 4 to 11. Differences in water vapour permeability, colour, opacity, and roughness of films were also found. According to the results of differential protein solubility assay, hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding were promoted at pH 4, but disulfide bonds were benefited at pH 11, in addition to partial β-glucan dissolution and break-up of the alkali-sensitive linkage in molecules from the cell wall. CONCLUSION The results lead to the conclusion that film-functional characteristics were greatly benefited at pH 11 in comparison with the regular pH of dispersion (pH 6). These results could help in understanding and selecting the pH conditions to enhance the desired properties of yeast biomass films. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Delgado
- Laboratorio de Obtención, Modificación, Caracterización y Evaluación de Materiales (LOMCEM), Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal, Provincia de Buenos Aires, 1876, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, 1425, Argentina
- Grupo de Biotecnología y Materiales Biobasados, Instituto de Tecnología en Polímeros y Nanotecnología (ITPN-UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avenida Las Heras 2214, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, 1127, Argentina
| | - Andrés G Salvay
- Laboratorio de Obtención, Modificación, Caracterización y Evaluación de Materiales (LOMCEM), Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal, Provincia de Buenos Aires, 1876, Argentina
| | - Orlando de la Osa
- Laboratorio de Obtención, Modificación, Caracterización y Evaluación de Materiales (LOMCEM), Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal, Provincia de Buenos Aires, 1876, Argentina
| | - Jorge R Wagner
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, 1425, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Funcionalidad y Tecnología de Alimentos (LIFTA), Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal, Provincia de Buenos Aires, 1876, Argentina
| | - Mercedes A Peltzer
- Laboratorio de Obtención, Modificación, Caracterización y Evaluación de Materiales (LOMCEM), Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal, Provincia de Buenos Aires, 1876, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, 1425, Argentina
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Cottet C, Salvay AG, Peltzer MA, Fernández-García M. Incorporation of Poly(Itaconic Acid) with Quaternized Thiazole Groups on Gelatin-Based Films for Antimicrobial-Active Food Packaging. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:E200. [PMID: 33429952 PMCID: PMC7827428 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(itaconic acid) (PIA) was synthesized via conventional radical polymerization. Then, functionalization of PIA was carried out by an esterification reaction with the heterocyclic groups of 1,3-thiazole and posterior quaternization by N-alkylation reaction with iodomethane. The modifications were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), as well as ζ-potential measurements. Their antimicrobial activity was tested against different Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. After characterization, the resulting polymers were incorporated into gelatin with oxidized starch and glycerol as film adjuvants, and dopamine as crosslinking agent, to develop antimicrobial-active films. The addition of quaternized polymers not only improved the mechanical properties of gelatin formulations, but also decreased the solution absorption capacity during the swelling process. However, the incorporation of synthesized polymers increased the deformation at break values and the water vapor permeability of films. The antioxidant capacity of films was confirmed by radical scavenging ability and, additionally, those films exhibited antimicrobial activity. Therefore, these films can be considered as good candidates for active packaging, ensuring a constant concentration of the active compound on the surface of the food, increasing products' shelf-life and reducing the environmental impact generated by plastics of petrochemical origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Cottet
- Laboratory of Obtention, Modification, Characterization and Evaluation of Materials (LOMCEM), Department of Science and Technology, University of Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal B1876BXD, Buenos Aires, Argentina; (C.C.); (A.G.S.)
- Scientific Research Commission (CIC), 526 st, La Plata B1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés G. Salvay
- Laboratory of Obtention, Modification, Characterization and Evaluation of Materials (LOMCEM), Department of Science and Technology, University of Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal B1876BXD, Buenos Aires, Argentina; (C.C.); (A.G.S.)
| | - Mercedes A. Peltzer
- Laboratory of Obtention, Modification, Characterization and Evaluation of Materials (LOMCEM), Department of Science and Technology, University of Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal B1876BXD, Buenos Aires, Argentina; (C.C.); (A.G.S.)
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, (C1425FQB) Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marta Fernández-García
- Macromolecular Engineering Group, Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy, SUSPLAST, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Cottet C, Ramirez-Tapias YA, Delgado JF, de la Osa O, Salvay AG, Peltzer MA. Biobased Materials from Microbial Biomass and Its Derivatives. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E1263. [PMID: 32168751 PMCID: PMC7143539 DOI: 10.3390/ma13061263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a strong public concern about plastic waste, which promotes the development of new biobased materials. The benefit of using microbial biomass for new developments is that it is a completely renewable source of polymers, which is not limited to climate conditions or may cause deforestation, as biopolymers come from vegetal biomass. The present review is focused on the use of microbial biomass and its derivatives as sources of biopolymers to form new materials. Yeast and fungal biomass are low-cost and abundant sources of biopolymers with high promising properties for the development of biodegradable materials, while milk and water kefir grains, composed by kefiran and dextran, respectively, produce films with very good optical and mechanical properties. The reasons for considering microbial cellulose as an attractive biobased material are the conformational structure and enhanced properties compared to plant cellulose. Kombucha tea, a probiotic fermented sparkling beverage, produces a floating membrane that has been identified as bacterial cellulose as a side stream during this fermentation. The results shown in this review demonstrated the good performance of microbial biomass to form new materials, with enhanced functional properties for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Cottet
- Materials Development and Evaluation Laboratory (LOMCEM), Department of Science and Technology, National University of Quilmes, B1876BXD Bernal, Argentina; (C.C.); (Y.A.R.-T.); (J.F.D.); (O.d.l.O.); (A.G.S.)
- Scientific Research Commission (CIC), B1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yuly A. Ramirez-Tapias
- Materials Development and Evaluation Laboratory (LOMCEM), Department of Science and Technology, National University of Quilmes, B1876BXD Bernal, Argentina; (C.C.); (Y.A.R.-T.); (J.F.D.); (O.d.l.O.); (A.G.S.)
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), C1425FQB CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan F. Delgado
- Materials Development and Evaluation Laboratory (LOMCEM), Department of Science and Technology, National University of Quilmes, B1876BXD Bernal, Argentina; (C.C.); (Y.A.R.-T.); (J.F.D.); (O.d.l.O.); (A.G.S.)
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), C1425FQB CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Orlando de la Osa
- Materials Development and Evaluation Laboratory (LOMCEM), Department of Science and Technology, National University of Quilmes, B1876BXD Bernal, Argentina; (C.C.); (Y.A.R.-T.); (J.F.D.); (O.d.l.O.); (A.G.S.)
| | - Andrés G. Salvay
- Materials Development and Evaluation Laboratory (LOMCEM), Department of Science and Technology, National University of Quilmes, B1876BXD Bernal, Argentina; (C.C.); (Y.A.R.-T.); (J.F.D.); (O.d.l.O.); (A.G.S.)
| | - Mercedes A. Peltzer
- Materials Development and Evaluation Laboratory (LOMCEM), Department of Science and Technology, National University of Quilmes, B1876BXD Bernal, Argentina; (C.C.); (Y.A.R.-T.); (J.F.D.); (O.d.l.O.); (A.G.S.)
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), C1425FQB CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Coma ME, Peltzer MA, Delgado JF, Salvay AG. Water kefir grains as an innovative source of materials: Study of plasticiser content on film properties. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Delgado JF, Peltzer MA, Salvay AG, de la Osa O, Wagner JR. Characterization of thermal, mechanical and hydration properties of novel films based on Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Delgado JF, Peltzer MA, Wagner JR, Salvay AG. Hydration and water vapour transport properties in yeast biomass based films: A study of plasticizer content and thickness effects. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Arrieta MP, Peltzer MA, López J, Garrigós MDC, Valente AJ, Jiménez A. Functional properties of sodium and calcium caseinate antimicrobial active films containing carvacrol. J FOOD ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Peltzer MA, Schardein JL. A convenient method for processing fetuses for skeletal staining. Stain Technol 1966; 41:300-2. [PMID: 4163722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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