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Dodds JM, Appelqvist DI, Paleologos MS, Downey RG. Variability in oxygen delivery with bag-valve-mask devices: An observational laboratory simulation study. Anaesth Intensive Care 2023; 51:130-140. [PMID: 36722019 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x221119824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A bag-valve-mask (BVM) is a portable handheld medical device commonly used in airway management and manual ventilation. Outside of the operating theatre, BVM devices are often used to pre-oxygenate spontaneously breathing patients before intubation to reduce the risk of hypoxaemia. Pre-oxygenation is considered adequate when the end-tidal expiratory fraction of oxygen is greater than 0.85. There are reports that some BVM devices fail to deliver a satisfactory inspired oxygen (FiO2) in spontaneously breathing patients due to variability in design. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of oxygen delivery of a broad range of adult and paediatric BVM devices at increasing tidal volumes using a mechanical lung to simulate spontaneous ventilation. The secondary aim was to evaluate the effect of BVM design on performance.Forty BVM devices were evaluated in a laboratory setting as part of a safety assessment requested by HealthShare New South Wales. The oxygen inlet of each BVM device was primed with 100% oxygen (15 l/min) for two min. The BVM device was then attached to the mechanical lung and commenced spontaneous breathing at a fixed respiratory rate of 12 breaths/min with an inspiratory: expiratory ratio of 1:2. For each device FiO2 was measured after two min of spontaneous breathing. This process was repeated with small (250 ml), medium (500 ml) and large (750 ml) tidal volumes simulating adult breathing in adult BVM devices, and small (150 ml), medium (300 ml) and large (450 ml) tidal volumes simulating paediatric breathing in paediatric BVM devices. The test was repeated using up to five BVM devices of the same model (where supplied) at each tidal volume as a manufacturing quality control measure.Eight of the 40 devices tested failed to deliver a FiO2 above 0.85 for at least one tidal volume, and five models failed to achieve this at any measured tidal volume. Concerningly, three of these devices delivered a FiO2 below 0.55. Six of the eight poorly performing devices delivered reducing concentrations of inspired oxygen with increasing tidal volumes. Devices which performed the worst were those with a duckbill non-rebreather valve and without a dedicated expiratory valve.Several BVM devices available for clinical use in Australia did not deliver sufficient oxygen for reliable pre-oxygenation in a spontaneously breathing in vitro model. Devices with a duckbill non-rebreather valve and without a dedicated expiratory valve performed the worst. It is imperative that clinicians using BVM devices to deliver oxygen to spontaneously breathing patients are aware of the characteristics and limitations of the BVM devices, and that the standards for manufacture are updated to require safe performance in all clinical circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarron M Dodds
- Department of Anaesthesia and Acute Pain Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Michael S Paleologos
- Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ryan G Downey
- Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Robertson TJ, McCulloch TJ, Paleologos MS, Downey RG, Loadsman JA, Thanigasalam R, Leslie S. Effects of sevoflurane versus propofol on cerebral autoregulation during anaesthesia for robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy. Anaesth Intensive Care 2022; 50:361-367. [PMID: 35574717 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x211061158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy requires a pneumoperitoneum combined with steep Trendelenburg positioning, and these conditions can be associated with impairment of cerebral autoregulation. The objective of this study was to determine if choice of anaesthetic agent affects the preservation of cerebral autoregulation during robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy. We randomly assigned 30 patients to maintenance of general anaesthesia with either propofol or sevoflurane. Cerebral autoregulation was tested by administration of intravenous phenylephrine to increase mean arterial pressure from approximately 80 mmHg to 100 mmHg while assessing cerebral blood flow using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Autoregulation was first tested in the supine position and then approximately once every hour after Trendelenburg positioning. The main outcome measure was the result of the final autoregulation test prior to completion of surgery. At that time, we found cerebral autoregulation to be significantly impaired in six of the 15 patients receiving sevoflurane and none of the 15 patients receiving propofol (P = 0.02). However, it should be noted that some patients in the propofol group had impaired autoregulation on earlier tests. In conclusion, we found that autoregulation during robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy is less likely to be impaired with propofol compared to sevoflurane anaesthesia, particularly towards the end of the surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy J McCulloch
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Michael S Paleologos
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Ryan G Downey
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
| | - John A Loadsman
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Ruban Thanigasalam
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Urology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Scott Leslie
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Urology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, Australia
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Robson JL, DJ Watts A, McCulloch TJ, Paleologos MS, Mortimer RA, Kam PCA. Correlation and agreement between the TEG® 5000 and the TEG® 6s during liver transplant surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care 2019; 47:32-39. [DOI: 10.1177/0310057x18811731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The TEG® 5000 and novel TEG® 6s measure the viscoelasticity of whole blood during in vitro clot formation. The two devices measure similar coagulation variables but utilize distinctly different technologies. This study aimed to determine the correlation and agreement between the thrombelastographic parameters obtained by the two devices during liver transplant surgery. We obtained blood samples at six predefined intervals during the surgery of 10 consecutive patients. Two operators proficient in the use of the TEG® 6s and TEG® 5000 systems performed thrombelastographic measurements on each sample: non-citrated TEG® 5000, citrated TEG® 5000 and citrated TEG® 6s. Agreement and correlation were assessed using Bland Altman plots and Lin’s concordance correlation. There was considerable inter-device variability for the different parameters measured by the TEG® 5000 and TEG® 6s devices. Acceptable agreement was observed when results were within the normal reference ranges. However, with increasing coagulopathy, agreement was poor and results could not be considered interchangeable. Although each of the three tests appeared reliable for qualitative detection of abnormalities of clot formation during liver transplant surgery, we found their quantitative results were not interchangeable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew DJ Watts
- Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Australia
| | - Timothy J McCulloch
- Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Australia
- University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael S Paleologos
- Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Australia
- University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Ross A Mortimer
- Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Australia
| | - Peter CA Kam
- Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Australia
- University of Sydney, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Loadsman
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia.
| | | | | | - P C Kam
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
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