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Trottmann F, Fiedler J, Ishida K, Ishida-Ito M, Little RF, Hertweck C. Bacterial Pathogen Channels Medium-Sized Fatty Acids into Malleicyprol Biosynthesis. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:1557-1563. [PMID: 37319349 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens of the Burkholderia pseudomallei (BP) group cause life-threatening infections in both humans and animals. Critical for the virulence of these often antibiotic-resistant pathogens is the polyketide hybrid metabolite malleicyprol, which features two chains, a short cyclopropanol-substituted chain and a long hydrophobic alkyl chain. The biosynthetic origin of the latter has remained unknown. Here, we report the discovery of novel overlooked malleicyprol congeners with varied chain lengths and identify medium-sized fatty acids as polyketide synthase (PKS) starter units that constitute the hydrophobic carbon tails. Mutational and biochemical analyses show that a designated coenzyme A-independent fatty acyl-adenylate ligase (FAAL, BurM) is essential for recruiting and activating fatty acids in malleicyprol biosynthesis. In vitro reconstitution of the BurM-catalyzed PKS priming reaction and analysis of ACP-bound building blocks reveal a key role of BurM in the toxin assembly. Insights into the function and role of BurM hold promise for the development of enzyme inhibitors as novel antivirulence therapeutics to combat infections with BP pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Trottmann
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jonas Fiedler
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Keishi Ishida
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mie Ishida-Ito
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Rory F Little
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Natural Product Chemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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2
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Trottmann F, Ishida K, Ishida-Ito M, Kries H, Groll M, Hertweck C. Pathogenic bacteria remodel central metabolic enzyme to build a cyclopropanol warhead. Nat Chem 2022; 14:884-890. [PMID: 35906404 PMCID: PMC9359912 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01005-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria of the Burkholderia pseudomallei (BP) group pose a global health threat, causing the infectious diseases melioidosis, a common cause of pneumonia and sepsis, and glanders, a contagious zoonosis. A trait of BP bacteria is a conserved gene cluster coding for the biosynthesis of polyketides (malleicyprols) with a reactive cyclopropanol unit that is critical for virulence. Enzymes building this warhead represent ideal targets for antivirulence strategies but the biochemical basis of cyclopropanol formation is unknown. Here we describe the formation of the malleicyprol warhead. We show that BurG, an unusual NAD+-dependent member of the ketol-acid reductoisomerase family, constructs the strained cyclopropanol ring. Biochemical assays and a suite of eight crystal structures of native and mutated BurG with bound analogues and inhibitors provide snapshots of each step of the complex reaction mechanism, involving a concealed oxidoreduction and a C-S bond cleavage. Our findings illustrate a remarkable case of neofunctionalisation, where a biocatalyst from central metabolism has been evolutionarily repurposed for warhead production in pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Trottmann
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Keishi Ishida
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Mie Ishida-Ito
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Hajo Kries
- Junior Research Group Biosynthetic Design of Natural Products, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Groll
- Center for Protein Assemblies, Chemistry Department, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany.
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany. .,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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Kim HJ, Ishida K, Ishida-Ito M, Hertweck C. Sequential Allylic Alcohol Formation by a Multifunctional Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase with Rare Redox Partners. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hak Joong Kim
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyHans Knöll Institute: Leibniz-Institut fur Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie eV Hans-Knoll-Institut Biomolecular Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Keishi Ishida
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyHans Knöll Institute: Leibniz-Institut fur Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie eV Hans-Knoll-Institut Biomolecular Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Mie Ishida-Ito
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyHans Knöll Institute: Leibniz-Institut fur Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie eV Hans-Knoll-Institut Biomolecular Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI Department of Biomolecular Chemistry Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena GERMANY
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Trottmann F, Ishida K, Franke J, Stanišić A, Ishida-Ito M, Kries H, Pohnert G, Hertweck C. Sulfonium Acids Loaded onto an Unusual Thiotemplate Assembly Line Construct the Cyclopropanol Warhead of a Burkholderia Virulence Factor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13511-13515. [PMID: 32314848 PMCID: PMC7496086 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria of the Burkholderia pseudomallei group cause severe infectious diseases such as glanders and melioidosis. Malleicyprols were identified as important bacterial virulence factors, yet the biosynthetic origin of their cyclopropanol warhead has remained enigmatic. By a combination of mutational analysis and metabolomics we found that sulfonium acids, dimethylsulfoniumpropionate (DMSP) and gonyol, known as osmolytes and as crucial components in the global organosulfur cycle, are key intermediates en route to the cyclopropanol unit. Functional genetics and in vitro analyses uncover a specialized pathway to DMSP involving a rare prokaryotic SET‐domain methyltransferase for a cryptic methylation, and show that DMSP is loaded onto the NRPS‐PKS hybrid assembly line by an adenylation domain dedicated to zwitterionic starter units. Then, the megasynthase transforms DMSP into gonyol, as demonstrated by heterologous pathway reconstitution in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Trottmann
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Keishi Ishida
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jakob Franke
- Institute of Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Aleksa Stanišić
- Junior Research Group Biosynthetic Design of Natural Products, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Mie Ishida-Ito
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Hajo Kries
- Junior Research Group Biosynthetic Design of Natural Products, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Natural Product Chemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
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Schieferdecker S, Shabuer G, Letzel AC, Urbansky B, Ishida-Ito M, Ishida K, Cyrulies M, Dahse HM, Pidot S, Hertweck C. Biosynthesis of Diverse Antimicrobial and Antiproliferative Acyloins in Anaerobic Bacteria. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:1490-1497. [PMID: 31243958 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic profiling and genome mining revealed that anaerobic bacteria have the potential to produce acyloin natural products. In addition to sattazolin A and B, three new sattazolin congeners and a novel acyloin named clostrocyloin were isolated from three strains of Clostridium beijerinckii, a bacterium used for industrial solvent production. Bioactivity profiling showed that the sattazolin derivatives possess antimicrobial activities against mycobacteria and pseudomonads with only low cytotoxicity. Clostrocyloin was found to be mainly active against fungi. The thiamine diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent sattazolin-producing synthase was identified in silico and characterized both in vivo and in in vitro enzyme assays. A related acyloin synthase from the clostrocyloin producer was shown to be responsible for the production of the acyloin core of clostrocyloin. The biotransformation experiments provided first insights into the substrate scope of the clostrocyloin synthase and revealed biosynthetic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schieferdecker
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Gulimila Shabuer
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Anne-Catrin Letzel
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Barbara Urbansky
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mie Ishida-Ito
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Keishi Ishida
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Cyrulies
- BioPilot Plant, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Dahse
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sacha Pidot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Kugel S, Baunach M, Baer P, Ishida-Ito M, Sundaram S, Xu Z, Groll M, Hertweck C. Cryptic indole hydroxylation by a non-canonical terpenoid cyclase parallels bacterial xenobiotic detoxification. Nat Commun 2017. [PMID: 28643772 PMCID: PMC5481743 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenoid natural products comprise a wide range of molecular architectures that typically result from C–C bond formations catalysed by classical type I/II terpene cyclases. However, the molecular diversity of biologically active terpenoids is substantially increased by fully unrelated, non-canonical terpenoid cyclases. Their evolutionary origin has remained enigmatic. Here we report the in vitro reconstitution of an unusual flavin-dependent bacterial indoloterpenoid cyclase, XiaF, together with a designated flavoenzyme-reductase (XiaP) that mediates a key step in xiamycin biosynthesis. The crystal structure of XiaF with bound FADH2 (at 2.4 Å resolution) and phylogenetic analyses reveal that XiaF is, surprisingly, most closely related to xenobiotic-degrading enzymes. Biotransformation assays show that XiaF is a designated indole hydroxylase that can be used for the production of indigo and indirubin. We unveil a cryptic hydroxylation step that sets the basis for terpenoid cyclization and suggest that the cyclase has evolved from xenobiotics detoxification enzymes. The biosynthesis of xiamycin, an antimicrobial bacterial indolosesquiterpenoid, involves an unusual cyclization cascade. Here, the authors characterise the XiaF enzyme, which resembles xenobiont-degrading enzymes and is responsible for a hidden indole hydroxylation step that triggers the cyclization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Kugel
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Baunach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Philipp Baer
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Mie Ishida-Ito
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Srividhya Sundaram
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Zhongli Xu
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Groll
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Natural Product Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Chankhamjon P, Tsunematsu Y, Ishida-Ito M, Sasa Y, Meyer F, Boettger-Schmidt D, Urbansky B, Menzel KD, Scherlach K, Watanabe K, Hertweck C. Regioselective Dichlorination of a Non-Activated Aliphatic Carbon Atom and Phenolic Bismethylation by a Multifunctional Fungal Flavoenzyme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11955-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pranatchareeya Chankhamjon
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and BioPilotPlant; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Yuta Tsunematsu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Mie Ishida-Ito
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and BioPilotPlant; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Yuzuka Sasa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Florian Meyer
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and BioPilotPlant; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Daniela Boettger-Schmidt
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and BioPilotPlant; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Barbara Urbansky
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and BioPilotPlant; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Menzel
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and BioPilotPlant; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and BioPilotPlant; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and BioPilotPlant; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
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Chankhamjon P, Tsunematsu Y, Ishida-Ito M, Sasa Y, Meyer F, Boettger-Schmidt D, Urbansky B, Menzel KD, Scherlach K, Watanabe K, Hertweck C. Regioselective Dichlorination of a Non-Activated Aliphatic Carbon Atom and Phenolic Bismethylation by a Multifunctional Fungal Flavoenzyme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pranatchareeya Chankhamjon
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and BioPilotPlant; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Yuta Tsunematsu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Mie Ishida-Ito
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and BioPilotPlant; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Yuzuka Sasa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Florian Meyer
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and BioPilotPlant; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Daniela Boettger-Schmidt
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and BioPilotPlant; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Barbara Urbansky
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and BioPilotPlant; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Menzel
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and BioPilotPlant; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and BioPilotPlant; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and BioPilotPlant; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
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Franke J, Ishida K, Ishida-Ito M, Hertweck C. Nitro versus Hydroxamate in Siderophores of Pathogenic Bacteria: Effect of Missing Hydroxylamine Protection in Malleobactin Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:8271-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201303196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Franke J, Ishida K, Ishida-Ito M, Hertweck C. Nitro versus Hydroxamate in Siderophores of Pathogenic Bacteria: Effect of Missing Hydroxylamine Protection in Malleobactin Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201303196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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