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Narayanan RP, Khaleghi A, Veletić M, Balasingham I. Multiphysics simulation of magnetoelectric micro core-shells for wireless cellular stimulation therapy via magnetic temporal interference. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297114. [PMID: 38271467 PMCID: PMC10834063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper presents an innovative approach to wireless cellular stimulation therapy through the design of a magnetoelectric (ME) microdevice. Traditional electrophysiological stimulation techniques for neural and deep brain stimulation face limitations due to their reliance on electronics, electrode arrays, or the complexity of magnetic induction. In contrast, the proposed ME microdevice offers a self-contained, controllable, battery-free, and electronics-free alternative, holding promise for targeted precise stimulation of biological cells and tissues. The designed microdevice integrates core shell ME materials with remote coils which applies magnetic temporal interference (MTI) signals, leading to the generation of a bipolar local electric stimulation current operating at low frequencies which is suitable for precise stimulation. The nonlinear property of the magnetostrictive core enables the demodulation of remotely applied high-frequency electromagnetic fields, resulting in a localized, tunable, and manipulatable electric potential on the piezoelectric shell surface. This potential, triggers electrical spikes in neural cells, facilitating stimulation. Rigorous computational simulations support this concept, highlighting a significantly high ME coupling factor generation of 550 V/m·Oe. The high ME coupling is primarily attributed to the operation of the device in its mechanical resonance modes. This achievement is the result of a carefully designed core shell structure operating at the MTI resonance frequencies, coupled with an optimal magnetic bias, and predetermined piezo shell thickness. These findings underscore the potential of the engineered ME core shell as a candidate for wireless and minimally invasive cellular stimulation therapy, characterized by high resolution and precision. These results open new avenues for injectable material structures capable of delivering effective cellular stimulation therapy, carrying implications across neuroscience medical devices, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Prasadh Narayanan
- Institute of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ali Khaleghi
- Institute of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Intervention Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mladen Veletić
- Institute of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Intervention Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ilangko Balasingham
- Institute of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Intervention Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Veletić M, Apu EH, Simić M, Bergsland J, Balasingham I, Contag CH, Ashammakhi N. Implants with Sensing Capabilities. Chem Rev 2022; 122:16329-16363. [PMID: 35981266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Because of the aging human population and increased numbers of surgical procedures being performed, there is a growing number of biomedical devices being implanted each year. Although the benefits of implants are significant, there are risks to having foreign materials in the body that may lead to complications that may remain undetectable until a time at which the damage done becomes irreversible. To address this challenge, advances in implantable sensors may enable early detection of even minor changes in the implants or the surrounding tissues and provide early cues for intervention. Therefore, integrating sensors with implants will enable real-time monitoring and lead to improvements in implant function. Sensor integration has been mostly applied to cardiovascular, neural, and orthopedic implants, and advances in combined implant-sensor devices have been significant, yet there are needs still to be addressed. Sensor-integrating implants are still in their infancy; however, some have already made it to the clinic. With an interdisciplinary approach, these sensor-integrating devices will become more efficient, providing clear paths to clinical translation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mladen Veletić
- Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.,The Intervention Centre, Technology and Innovation Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ehsanul Hoque Apu
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Mitar Simić
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Jacob Bergsland
- The Intervention Centre, Technology and Innovation Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ilangko Balasingham
- Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.,The Intervention Centre, Technology and Innovation Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Christopher H Contag
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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Barros MT, Veletić M, Kanada M, Pierobon M, Vainio S, Balasingham I, Balasubramaniam S. Molecular Communications in Viral Infections Research: Modeling, Experimental Data, and Future Directions. IEEE Trans Mol Biol Multiscale Commun 2021; 7:121-141. [PMID: 35782714 PMCID: PMC8544950 DOI: 10.1109/tmbmc.2021.3071780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are affected by viral infections each year, and yet, several of them neither have vaccines nor effective treatment during and post-infection. This challenge has been highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic, showing how viruses can quickly spread and impact society as a whole. Novel interdisciplinary techniques must emerge to provide forward-looking strategies to combat viral infections, as well as possible future pandemics. In the past decade, an interdisciplinary area involving bioengineering, nanotechnology and information and communication technology (ICT) has been developed, known as Molecular Communications. This new emerging area uses elements of classical communication systems to molecular signalling and communication found inside and outside biological systems, characterizing the signalling processes between cells and viruses. In this paper, we provide an extensive and detailed discussion on how molecular communications can be integrated into the viral infectious diseases research, and how possible treatment and vaccines can be developed considering molecules as information carriers. We provide a literature review on molecular communications models for viral infection (intra-body and extra-body), a deep analysis on their effects on immune response, how experimental can be used by the molecular communications community, as well as open issues and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Taynnan Barros
- CBIG/BioMediTechTampere University33014TampereFinland
- School of Computer Science and Electronic EngineeringUniversity of EssexColchesterCO4 3SQU.K.
| | - Mladen Veletić
- Intervention CentreOslo University Hospital0424OsloNorway
- Department of Electronic SystemsNorwegian University of Science and Technology7491TrondheimNorway
| | - Masamitsu Kanada
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyInstitute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Massimiliano Pierobon
- Department of Computer Science and EngineeringUniversity of Nebraska–LincolnLincolnNE68588USA
| | - Seppo Vainio
- InfoTech OuluKvantum Institute, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Oulu University90570OuluFinland
| | - Ilangko Balasingham
- Intervention CentreOslo University Hospital0424OsloNorway
- Department of Electronic SystemsNorwegian University of Science and Technology7491TrondheimNorway
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Lu P, Veletić M, Bergsland J, Balasingham I. Theoretical Aspects of Resting-State Cardiomyocyte Communication for Multi-Nodal Nano-Actuator Pacemakers. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E2792. [PMID: 32422981 PMCID: PMC7285237 DOI: 10.3390/s20102792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The heart consists of billions of cardiac muscle cells-cardiomyocytes-that work in a coordinated fashion to supply oxygen and nutrients to the body. Inter-connected specialized cardiomyocytes form signaling channels through which the electrical signals are propagated throughout the heart, controlling the heart's beat to beat function of the other cardiac cells. In this paper, we study to what extent it is possible to use ordinary cardiomyocytes as communication channels between components of a recently proposed multi-nodal leadless pacemaker, to transmit data encoded in subthreshold membrane potentials. We analyze signal propagation in the cardiac infrastructure considering noise in the communication channel by performing numerical simulations based on the Luo-Rudy computational model. The Luo-Rudy model is an action potential model but describes the potential changes with time including membrane potential and action potential stages, separated by the thresholding mechanism. Demonstrating system performance, we show that cardiomyocytes can be used to establish an artificial communication system where data are reliably transmitted between 10 s of cells. The proposed subthreshold cardiac communication lays the foundation for a new intra-cardiac communication technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Lu
- The Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (M.V.); (J.B.); (I.B.)
- Computer College, Weinan Normal University, Weinan 714099, China
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mladen Veletić
- The Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (M.V.); (J.B.); (I.B.)
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Jacob Bergsland
- The Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (M.V.); (J.B.); (I.B.)
| | - Ilangko Balasingham
- The Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (M.V.); (J.B.); (I.B.)
- Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Laasmaa M, Lu P, Veletić M, Louch WE, Bergsland J, Balasingham I, Vendelin M. Energy-efficiency of Cardiomyocyte Stimulation with Rectangular Pulses. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13307. [PMID: 31527628 PMCID: PMC6746869 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49791-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In cardiac pacemaker design, energy expenditure is an important issue. This work aims to explore whether varying stimulation pulse configuration is a viable optimization strategy for reducing energy consumption by the pacemaker. A single cardiomyocyte was used as an experimental model. Each cardiomyocyte was stimulated with different stimulation protocols using rectangular waveforms applied in varying number, in short succession. The amplitude, the width of each pulse, and the interval between consecutive pulses were modified. The application of multiple pulses in a short sequence led to a reduction of the threshold voltage required for stimulation when compared to a single pulse. However, none of the employed multi-pulse sequences reduced the overall energy expenditure of cell stimulation when compared to a single pulse stimulation. Among multiple pulse protocols, a combination of two short pulses (1 ms) separated with a short interval (0.5 ms) had the same energy requirements as a single short pulse (1 ms), but required the application of significantly less voltage. While increasing the number of consecutive pulses does not reduce the energy requirements of the pacemaker, the reduction in threshold voltage can be considered in practice if lower stimulation voltages are desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Laasmaa
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Department of Cybernetics, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Pengfei Lu
- Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital (OUS), 0372, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (UiO), 0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mladen Veletić
- Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital (OUS), 0372, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Banja Luka (UNIBL), 78000, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - William E Louch
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jacob Bergsland
- Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital (OUS), 0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ilangko Balasingham
- Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital (OUS), 0372, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marko Vendelin
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Department of Cybernetics, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia.
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