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Blackwell CK, Sherlock P, Jackson KL, Hofheimer JA, Cella D, Algermissen MA, Alshawabkeh AN, Avalos LA, Bastain T, Blair C, Enlow MB, Brennan PA, Breton C, Bush NR, Chandran A, Collazo S, Conradt E, Crowell SE, Deoni S, Elliott AJ, Frazier JA, Ganiban JM, Gold DR, Herbstman JB, Joseph C, Karagas MR, Lester B, Lasky-Su JA, Leve LD, LeWinn KZ, Mason WA, McGowan EC, McKee KS, Miller RL, Neiderhiser JM, O’Connor TG, Oken E, O’Shea TM, Pagliaccio D, Schmidt RJ, Singh AM, Stanford JB, Trasande L, Wright RJ, Duarte CS, Margolis AE. Development and psychometric validation of the Pandemic-Related Traumatic Stress Scale for children and adults. Psychol Assess 2023; 35:1054-1067. [PMID: 37902671 PMCID: PMC10773574 DOI: 10.1037/pas0001211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
To assess the public health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, investigators from the National Institutes of Health Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) research program developed the Pandemic-Related Traumatic Stress Scale (PTSS). Based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) acute stress disorder symptom criteria, the PTSS is designed for adolescent (13-21 years) and adult self-report and caregiver-report on 3-12-year-olds. To evaluate psychometric properties, we used PTSS data collected between April 2020 and August 2021 from non-pregnant adult caregivers (n = 11,483), pregnant/postpartum individuals (n = 1,656), adolescents (n = 1,795), and caregivers reporting on 3-12-year-olds (n = 2,896). We used Mokken scale analysis to examine unidimensionality and reliability, Pearson correlations to evaluate relationships with other relevant variables, and analyses of variance to identify regional, age, and sex differences. Mokken analysis resulted in a moderately strong, unidimensional scale that retained nine of the original 10 items. We detected small to moderate positive associations with depression, anxiety, and general stress, and negative associations with life satisfaction. Adult caregivers had the highest PTSS scores, followed by adolescents, pregnant/postpartum individuals, and children. Caregivers of younger children, females, and older youth had higher PTSS scores compared to caregivers of older children, males, and younger youth, respectively. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney K. Blackwell
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Phillip Sherlock
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Kathryn L. Jackson
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Julie A. Hofheimer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine
| | - David Cella
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | | | - Akram N. Alshawabkeh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University
| | - Lyndsay A. Avalos
- Kaiser Permanente North California, Division of Research, Oakland, California, United States
| | - Tracy Bastain
- Clinical Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California
| | - Clancy Blair
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Michelle Bosquet Enlow
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School
| | | | - Carrie Breton
- Clinical Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California
| | - Nicole R. Bush
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Aruna Chandran
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Shaina Collazo
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | | | | | - Sean Deoni
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Amy J. Elliott
- Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota School of Medicine
| | - Jean A. Frazier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School
| | - Jody M. Ganiban
- Department of Clinical/Developmental Psychology, George Washington University
| | - Diane R. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
- Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Julie B. Herbstman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health
| | | | | | - Barry Lester
- Women & Infants Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University
- Department of Pediatrics, Brown University
| | - Jessica A. Lasky-Su
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Leslie D. Leve
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon College of Education
| | - Kaja Z. LeWinn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco
| | - W. Alex Mason
- Department of Child, Youth, and Family Studies, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska—Lincoln
| | - Elisabeth C. McGowan
- Women & Infants Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Brown University
| | - Kimberly S. McKee
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School
| | - Rachel L. Miller
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | | | | | - Emily Oken
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School
- Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health
- Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - T. Michael O’Shea
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine
| | - David Pagliaccio
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, United States
| | - Rebecca J. Schmidt
- Department of Public Health Services, University of California—Davis School of Medicine
| | - Anne Marie Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Joseph B. Stanford
- Department of Family and Preventative Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Rosalind J. Wright
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Cristiane S. Duarte
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University
| | - Amy E. Margolis
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University
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