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Felton TW, Ahmed W, White IR, van Oort P, Rattray NJW, Docherty C, Bannard-Smith J, Morton B, Welters I, McMullan R, Roberts SA, Goodacre R, Dark PM, Fowler SJ. Analysis of exhaled breath to identify critically ill patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Anaesthesia 2023; 78:712-721. [PMID: 37010959 DOI: 10.1111/anae.15999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Ventilator-associated pneumonia commonly occurs in critically ill patients. Clinical suspicion results in overuse of antibiotics, which in turn promotes antimicrobial resistance. Detection of volatile organic compounds in the exhaled breath of critically ill patients might allow earlier detection of pneumonia and avoid unnecessary antibiotic prescription. We report a proof of concept study for non-invasive diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive care (the BRAVo study). Mechanically ventilated critically ill patients commenced on antibiotics for clinical suspicion of ventilator-associated pneumonia were recruited within the first 24 h of treatment. Paired exhaled breath and respiratory tract samples were collected. Exhaled breath was captured on sorbent tubes and then analysed using thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to detect volatile organic compounds. Microbiological culture of a pathogenic bacteria in respiratory tract samples provided confirmation of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Univariable and multivariable analyses of volatile organic compounds were performed to identify potential biomarkers for a 'rule-out' test. Ninety-six participants were enrolled in the trial, with exhaled breath available from 92. Of all compounds tested, the four highest performing candidate biomarkers were benzene, cyclohexanone, pentanol and undecanal with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve ranging from 0.67 to 0.77 and negative predictive values from 85% to 88%. Identified volatile organic compounds in the exhaled breath of mechanically ventilated critically ill patients show promise as a useful non-invasive 'rule-out' test for ventilator-associated pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Felton
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - W Ahmed
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - I R White
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - P van Oort
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - N J W Rattray
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - C Docherty
- Department of Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - J Bannard-Smith
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - B Morton
- Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - I Welters
- Department of Medicine, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Life Course and Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - R McMullan
- Department of Microbiology, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - S A Roberts
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Centre for Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - R Goodacre
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - P M Dark
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
- Northern Care Alliance NHS Group, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - S J Fowler
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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Waller J, Toogood HS, Karuppiah V, Rattray NJW, Mansell DJ, Leys D, Gardiner JM, Fryszkowska A, Ahmed ST, Bandichhor R, Reddy GP, Scrutton NS. Structural insights into the ene-reductase synthesis of profens. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:4440-4448. [PMID: 28485453 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00163k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of double bonds of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids and esters by ene-reductases remains challenging and it typically requires activation by a second electron-withdrawing moiety, such as a halide or second carboxylate group. We showed that profen precursors, 2-arylpropenoic acids and their esters, were efficiently reduced by Old Yellow Enzymes (OYEs). The XenA and GYE enzymes showed activity towards acids, while a wider range of enzymes were active towards the equivalent methyl esters. Comparative co-crystal structural analysis of profen-bound OYEs highlighted key interactions important in determining substrate binding in a catalytically active conformation. The general utility of ene reductases for the synthesis of (R)-profens was established and this work will now drive future mutagenesis studies to screen for the production of pharmaceutically-active (S)-profens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Waller
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
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