Avoiding hypoglycemia: the use of insulin pump combined with continuous glucose monitor in type 1 diabetes crossing a Rocky Gorge

BACKGROUND

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGMS) have been proven very effective in diabetes management.

AIM

This study evaluated the usefulness of these devices during prolonged, intense physical activity in an uncontrolled natural environment away from the clinical research center.

DESIGN

Non-randomized, prospective and observational study.

METHODS

During the summer, 38 participants with type 1 diabetes crossed the Samaria gorge, the second largest gorge in Europe (17 km). Twenty subjects on CSII combined with real-time CGMS and 18 on multiple daily injections (MDI) combined with professional (retrospective) CGMS participated in the program. All participants were unsupervised during the event.

RESULTS

All 38 participants managed to reach the destination point safely. There were no episodes of severe hypoglycemia. The duration of the exercise (mean ±SD) was 6.4 ± 1.3 h. The CSII group exhibited significantly lower hypoglycemic episodes during exercise (0.1 ± 0.3 vs. 0.4 ± 0.6; P = 0.047) as well as lower AUC below 70 mg/dl compared with the MDI, during the 24 h (0.61 ± 0.78 vs. 1.84 ± 1.55; P = 0.007). Individuals on CSII were significantly less likely to develop a hypoglycemic episode during exercise (P = 0.038). Exercise induced nocturnal hypoglycemia was not prevented effectively in neither group.

CONCLUSIONS

CSII combined with CGMS is effective in controlling blood glucose levels in type 1 diabetics who perform prolonged strenuous exercise. The use of insulin pump technology in regions with hot Mediterranean climates is safe and can provide protection against exercise-induced hypoglycemia. Development of precise instructions for T1DM who occasionally get involved in exercise activities, requires further studies.

A case-control study of the relationship between smoking, diet, and gallbladder disease

Eighty-four women with roentgenographically confirmed gallbladder disease and 171 control women hospitalized at a trauma hospital in Athens, Greece, were interviewed regarding demographic, reproductive, smoking, and dietary characteristics. A food-frequency approach was used to elicit consumption of 120 food or beverage items during the period before the onset of the current illness or hospitalization. The patients were substantially less likely to be regular cigarette smokers before the current admission. Additionally the patients reported significantly less frequent consumption of total items contained in the following food groups: sugars; pulses, nuts, beans; fish; and dairy products. On average they also consumed significantly fewer alcoholic beverages. On the other hand, the patients reported more frequent consumption of items in the following food groups: cereals, potatoes, fruits, meats, fats and oils, and coffee/tea. After controlling for confounding between food groups through multiple logistic regression models, the patients were still found to be less frequent consumers of vegetables and alcoholic beverages but more frequent consumers of potatoes and items in the cereal group. These analyses also confirmed the reduced likelihood of the patients being smokers.