The effectiveness and safety of heat/cold therapy in adults with lymphoedema: systematic review

PURPOSE

The aim of this review is to assess the efficacy and safety of using heat and cold therapy for adults with lymphoedema.

METHODS

A multi-database search was undertaken. Only studies which included adults with lymphoedema who were treated with heat or cold therapy reporting any outcome were included. Screening, data extraction, and assessment of bias were undertaken by a single reviewer and verified by a second. Due to the substantial heterogeneity, a descriptive synthesis was undertaken.

RESULTS

Eighteen studies were included. All nine studies which assessed the effects of heat-therapy on changes in limb circumference reported a point estimate indicating some reduction from baseline to end of study. Similarly, the five studies evaluating the use of heat-therapy on limb volume demonstrated a reduction in limb volume from baseline to end-of-study. Only four studies reported adverse events of which all were deemed to be minor. Only two studies explored the effects of cold therapy on lymphoedema.

CONCLUSIONS

Tentative evidence suggests heat-therapy may have some benefit in treating lymphoedema with minimal side effects. However, further high-quality randomised controlled trials are required, with a particular focus on moderating factors and assessment of adverse events.

Crystal data of branched-chain derivatives of D-psicose

Crystal data are reported for six derivatives of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-C-(pyridin-2-yl)-β-D-psicopyranose, C14H19NO6, previously studied in solution by NMR spectroscopy. Molecules that differ only by the replacement of H by CH3 on one non-ring oxygen atom, converting an alcohol to an ether molecule, show no similarity in cell dimensions, and have different numbers of molecules per cell. All six phases belong to non-centrosymmetric space groups, four to P212121 and two to P21; in agreement with previously reported optical activity of these molecules in solution, it is concluded that only molecules of one-and-the-same handedness are present in any one of the crystalline phases.