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Williamson JD, Supiano MA, Applegate WB, Berlowitz DR, Campbell RC, Chertow GM, Fine LJ, Haley WE, Hawfield AT, Ix JH, Kitzman DW, Kostis JB, Krousel-Wood MA, Launer LJ, Oparil S, Rodriguez CJ, Roumie CL, Shorr RI, Sink KM, Wadley VG, Whelton PK, Whittle J, Woolard NF, Wright JT, Pajewski NM. Intensive vs Standard Blood Pressure Control and Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes in Adults Aged ≥75 Years: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2016; 315:2673-82. [PMID: 27195814 PMCID: PMC4988796 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.7050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 787] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The appropriate treatment target for systolic blood pressure (SBP) in older patients with hypertension remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of intensive (<120 mm Hg) compared with standard (<140 mm Hg) SBP targets in persons aged 75 years or older with hypertension but without diabetes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A multicenter, randomized clinical trial of patients aged 75 years or older who participated in the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT). Recruitment began on October 20, 2010, and follow-up ended on August 20, 2015. INTERVENTIONS Participants were randomized to an SBP target of less than 120 mm Hg (intensive treatment group, n = 1317) or an SBP target of less than 140 mm Hg (standard treatment group, n = 1319). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary cardiovascular disease outcome was a composite of nonfatal myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome not resulting in a myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, nonfatal acute decompensated heart failure, and death from cardiovascular causes. All-cause mortality was a secondary outcome. RESULTS Among 2636 participants (mean age, 79.9 years; 37.9% women), 2510 (95.2%) provided complete follow-up data. At a median follow-up of 3.14 years, there was a significantly lower rate of the primary composite outcome (102 events in the intensive treatment group vs 148 events in the standard treatment group; hazard ratio [HR], 0.66 [95% CI, 0.51-0.85]) and all-cause mortality (73 deaths vs 107 deaths, respectively; HR, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.49-0.91]). The overall rate of serious adverse events was not different between treatment groups (48.4% in the intensive treatment group vs 48.3% in the standard treatment group; HR, 0.99 [95% CI, 0.89-1.11]). Absolute rates of hypotension were 2.4% in the intensive treatment group vs 1.4% in the standard treatment group (HR, 1.71 [95% CI, 0.97-3.09]), 3.0% vs 2.4%, respectively, for syncope (HR, 1.23 [95% CI, 0.76-2.00]), 4.0% vs 2.7% for electrolyte abnormalities (HR, 1.51 [95% CI, 0.99-2.33]), 5.5% vs 4.0% for acute kidney injury (HR, 1.41 [95% CI, 0.98-2.04]), and 4.9% vs 5.5% for injurious falls (HR, 0.91 [95% CI, 0.65-1.29]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among ambulatory adults aged 75 years or older, treating to an SBP target of less than 120 mm Hg compared with an SBP target of less than 140 mm Hg resulted in significantly lower rates of fatal and nonfatal major cardiovascular events and death from any cause. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01206062.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff D Williamson
- Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Mark A Supiano
- Division of Geriatrics, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City3Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City, Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - William B Applegate
- Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Dan R Berlowitz
- Bedford Veterans Affairs Hospital, Bedford, Massachusetts5School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ruth C Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Glenn M Chertow
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Larry J Fine
- Clinical Applications and Prevention Branch, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William E Haley
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Amret T Hawfield
- Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Joachim H Ix
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego12Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego13Department of Medicine, Nephrology
| | - Dalane W Kitzman
- Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - John B Kostis
- Cardiovascular Institute at Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Marie A Krousel-Wood
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana17Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana18Center for Applied Health Research, Ochsner Clinic F
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Suzanne Oparil
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham
| | - Carlos J Rodriguez
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Christianne L Roumie
- Veterans Health Administration-Tennessee Valley Healthcare System Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, HSR&D Center, Nashville23Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ronald I Shorr
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville25Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Malcom Randall Veterans Administration Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kaycee M Sink
- Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | | | - Paul K Whelton
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jeffrey Whittle
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee29Primary Care Division, Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Nancy F Woolard
- Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jackson T Wright
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Nicholas M Pajewski
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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High KP, D'Aquila RT, Fuldner RA, Gerding DN, Halter JB, Haynes L, Hazzard WR, Jackson LA, Janoff E, Levin MJ, Nayfield SG, Nichol KL, Prabhudas M, Talbot HK, Clayton CP, Henderson R, Scott CM, Tarver ED, Woolard NF, Schmader KE. Workshop on immunizations in older adults: identifying future research agendas. J Am Geriatr Soc 2010; 58:765-76. [PMID: 20398161 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.02772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Goals for immunization in older adults may differ from those in young adults and children, in whom complete prevention of disease is the objective. Often, reduced hospitalization and death but also averting exacerbation of underlying chronic illness, functional decline, and frailty are important goals in the older age group. Because of the effect of age on dendritic cell function, T cell-mediated immune suppression, reduced proliferative capacity of T cells, and other immune responses, the efficacy of vaccines often wanes with advanced age. This article summarizes the discussion and proceedings of a workshop organized by the Association of Specialty Professors, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the American Geriatrics Society, the National Institute on Aging, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Leading researchers and clinicians in the fields of immunology, epidemiology, infectious diseases, geriatrics, and gerontology reviewed the current status of vaccines in older adults, identified knowledge gaps, and suggest priority areas for future research. The goal of the workshop was to identify what is known about immunizations (efficacy, effect, and current schedule) in older adults and to recommend priorities for future research. Investigation in the areas identified has the potential to enhance understanding of the immune process in aging individuals, inform vaccine development, and lead to more-effective strategies to reduce the risk of vaccine-preventable illness in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P High
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.
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Anderson S, Halter JB, Hazzard WR, Himmelfarb J, Horne FM, Kaysen GA, Kusek JW, Nayfield SG, Schmader K, Tian Y, Ashworth JR, Clayton CP, Parker RP, Tarver ED, Woolard NF, High KP. Prediction, Progression, and Outcomes of Chronic Kidney Disease in Older Adults. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20:1199-209. [DOI: 10.1681/asn.2008080860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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DeKosky ST, Williamson JD, Fitzpatrick AL, Kronmal RA, Ives DG, Saxton JA, Lopez OL, Burke G, Carlson MC, Fried LP, Kuller LH, Robbins JA, Tracy RP, Woolard NF, Dunn L, Snitz BE, Nahin RL, Furberg CD. Ginkgo biloba for prevention of dementia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008; 300:2253-62. [PMID: 19017911 PMCID: PMC2823569 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2008.683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ginkgo biloba is widely used for its potential effects on memory and cognition. To date, adequately powered clinical trials testing the effect of G. biloba on dementia incidence are lacking. OBJECTIVE To determine effectiveness of G. biloba vs placebo in reducing the incidence of all-cause dementia and Alzheimer disease (AD) in elderly individuals with normal cognition and those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial conducted in 5 academic medical centers in the United States between 2000 and 2008 with a median follow-up of 6.1 years. Three thousand sixty-nine community volunteers aged 75 years or older with normal cognition (n = 2587) or MCI (n = 482) at study entry were assessed every 6 months for incident dementia. INTERVENTION Twice-daily dose of 120-mg extract of G. biloba (n = 1545) or placebo (n = 1524). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Incident dementia and AD determined by expert panel consensus. RESULTS Five hundred twenty-three individuals developed dementia (246 receiving placebo and 277 receiving G. biloba) with 92% of the dementia cases classified as possible or probable AD, or AD with evidence of vascular disease of the brain. Rates of dropout and loss to follow-up were low (6.3%), and the adverse effect profiles were similar for both groups. The overall dementia rate was 3.3 per 100 person-years in participants assigned to G. biloba and 2.9 per 100 person-years in the placebo group. The hazard ratio (HR) for G. biloba compared with placebo for all-cause dementia was 1.12 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.94-1.33; P = .21) and for AD, 1.16 (95% CI, 0.97-1.39; P = .11). G. biloba also had no effect on the rate of progression to dementia in participants with MCI (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.85-1.50; P = .39). CONCLUSIONS In this study, G. biloba at 120 mg twice a day was not effective in reducing either the overall incidence rate of dementia or AD incidence in elderly individuals with normal cognition or those with MCI. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00010803.
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Effros RB, Fletcher CV, Gebo K, Halter JB, Hazzard WR, Horne FM, Huebner RE, Janoff EN, Justice AC, Kuritzkes D, Nayfield SG, Plaeger SF, Schmader KE, Ashworth JR, Campanelli C, Clayton CP, Rada B, Woolard NF, High KP. Aging and infectious diseases: workshop on HIV infection and aging: what is known and future research directions. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47:542-53. [PMID: 18627268 PMCID: PMC3130308 DOI: 10.1086/590150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral treatment has resulted in dramatically increased life expectancy among patients with HIV infection who are now aging while receiving treatment and are at risk of developing chronic diseases associated with advanced age. Similarities between aging and the courses of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome suggest that HIV infection compresses the aging process, perhaps accelerating comorbidities and frailty. In a workshop organized by the Association of Specialty Professors, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the HIV Medical Association, the National Institute on Aging, and the National Institute on Allergy and Infectious Diseases, researchers in infectious diseases, geriatrics, immunology, and gerontology met to review what is known about HIV infection and aging, to identify research gaps, and to suggest high priority topics for future research. Answers to the questions posed are likely to help prioritize and balance strategies to slow the progression of HIV infection, to address comorbidities and drug toxicity, and to enhance understanding about both HIV infection and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita B. Effros
- David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles
| | | | - Kelly Gebo
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | | | | | | | - Robin E. Huebner
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Edward N. Janoff
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver
| | | | - Daniel Kuritzkes
- Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Susan F. Plaeger
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | - Beth Rada
- Infectious Diseases Society of America, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Nancy F. Woolard
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Kevin P. High
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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