Chronicles of nature calendar, a long-term and large-scale multitaxon database on phenology

We present an extensive, large-scale, long-term and multitaxon database on phenological and climatic variation, involving 506,186 observation dates acquired in 471 localities in Russian Federation, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Belarus and Kyrgyzstan. The data cover the period 1890-2018, with 96% of the data being from 1960 onwards. The database is rich in plants, birds and climatic events, but also includes insects, amphibians, reptiles and fungi. The database includes multiple events per species, such as the onset days of leaf unfolding and leaf fall for plants, and the days for first spring and last autumn occurrences for birds. The data were acquired using standardized methods by permanent staff of national parks and nature reserves (87% of the data) and members of a phenological observation network (13% of the data). The database is valuable for exploring how species respond in their phenology to climate change. Large-scale analyses of spatial variation in phenological response can help to better predict the consequences of species and community responses to climate change.

ACETYLATION PHENOTYPE AS A SUSCEPTIBILITY MARKER FOR DEVELOPMENT OF NITRATE-CADMIUM INTOXICATION IN YOUNG RATS

The article solves a current task concerning a substantiated use of acetylation phenotype as susceptibility biomarker to unfavourable effect of chemical substances in scientific studies. Objective: to study a combined effect of sodium nitrate and cadmium chloride on the prooxidant-antioxidant balance of the blood, liver and functional state of the central nervous system in young rats with different acetylation type. The experimental studies were performed on immature male rats 1,5-month of age. The experimental animals were divided into two groups according to the amount of general sulfadimine excreted with urine: "rapid" and "slow" acetylators. 2 subgroups were differentiated in every group: I - control animals, II - animals subjected to administration of cadmium chloride and sodium nitrate. Administration of sodium nitrate and cadmium chloride to animals in the doses 1/15 DL50 and 1/150 DL50 respectively during 14 days found that at the young age "slow" acetylation type is susceptibility marker, and the criteria of a harmful effect in them are the following: 25% increase protein peroxide oxidation in the blood plasma, 34% and 30% increase of average molecular peptides and ceruloplasmin respectively, and 6,7 times increase of methemoglobin (hemiglobin) concentration. Nitrate-cadmium intoxication caused inhibition of the integral behavioural activity both in slow and rapid acetylators. Disturbed behavioural activity in young animals with "slow" acetylation type under conditions of subacute effect of sodium nitrate and cadmium chloride is caused mainly by an increased content of liver lipoperoxidation secondary products and less - by the levels of average molecular peptides and ceruloplasmin in the blood plasma, and in "rapid" acetylators - by increased products of oxidation-modification proteins.