Follow-Up Analyses From a Wait-List Controlled Trial of Occupational Therapist-Delivered Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia Among Veterans With Chronic Insomnia

IMPORTANCE

Veterans often experience chronic insomnia, and professionals capable of delivering effective interventions to address this problem are lacking.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the efficacy of the Restoring Effective Sleep Tranquility (REST) program, an occupational therapist-led cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) intervention to treat sleep problems among post- 9/11 veterans.

DESIGN

Wait-list controlled trial with 3-mo follow-up.

SETTING

Community-based veteran support program in a Mountain West university.

PARTICIPANTS

Fifteen post-9/11 veterans with sleep disturbances who were assigned to either the REST intervention or a wait-list control group. Outcomes and Measures: Sleep-related, health-related, and participation-related patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and daily sleep diary variables.

RESULTS

Wait-list controlled trial benefits included improved sleep-related (e.g., sleep disturbance), health-related (e.g., depression), and participation-related (e.g., meaningful activity) PROs. Findings were confirmed after participants in both the intervention and the control groups (n = 13) received the REST intervention, including improved daily sleep diary outcomes (e.g., sleep efficiency). All gains were maintained at 3 mo.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

Occupational therapy practitioners with advanced training in CBT-I have the potential to safely deliver an effective CBT-I intervention to veterans with sleep disturbances in a community-based setting. What This Article Adds: Occupational therapy practitioners with sleep-related education and training can positively affect the well-being of their clients through improving sleep participation.

Restoring effective sleep tranquility (REST): A feasibility and pilot study

Introduction

The purpose of this pilot study was to establish the feasibility of completing a future controlled trial of a multi-component cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia program for military veterans with sleep disturbance.

Method

This was a single-arm feasibility and pilot study. Participants were United States post-9/11 veterans with service-connected injuries, university students, and had self-reported sleep disturbances. Restoring Effective Sleep Tranquility was a multi-component cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia intervention consisting of seven sessions of group therapy and eight 1:1 sessions delivered by occupational therapists. Feasibility and pilot indicators were process, resources, management, and scientific, including pre–post-assessments of sleep difficulties, dysfunctional sleep beliefs, participation, and pain interference.

Findings

Indicators were supportive of feasibility, including reduced sleep difficulties (for example Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Measure [t = 3.29, p = .02]), reduced nightmares: t = 2.79, p = .03; fewer dysfunctional sleep beliefs: t = 3.63, p = .01, and greater ability to participate in social roles: t = –2.86, p = .03, along with trends towards improved satisfaction with participation and reduced pain interference.

Conclusion

The Restoring Effective Sleep Tranquility program may reduce sleep difficulties and improve participation in US veterans with service-connected injuries, and evidence indicates a controlled trial would be feasible to deliver.