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Tafreshi NK, Kil H, Pandya DN, Tichacek CJ, Doligalski ML, Budzevich MM, Delva NC, Langsen ML, Vallas JA, Boulware DC, Engelman RW, Gage KL, Moros EG, Wadas TJ, McLaughlin ML, Morse DL. Lipophilicity Determines Routes of Uptake and Clearance, and Toxicity of an Alpha-Particle-Emitting Peptide Receptor Radiotherapy. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:953-965. [PMID: 33860213 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipophilicity is explored in the biodistribution (BD), pharmacokinetics (PK), radiation dosimetry (RD), and toxicity of an internally administered targeted alpha-particle therapy (TAT) under development for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. The TAT conjugate is comprised of the chelator DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetate), conjugated to melanocortin receptor 1 specific peptidic ligand (MC1RL) using a linker moiety and chelation of the 225Ac radiometal. A set of conjugates were prepared with a range of lipophilicities (log D 7.4 values) by varying the chemical properties of the linker. Reported are the observations that higher log D 7.4 values are associated with decreased kidney uptake, decreased absorbed radiation dose, and decreased kidney toxicity of the TAT, and the inverse is observed for lower log D 7.4 values. Animals administered TATs with lower lipophilicities exhibited acute nephropathy and death, whereas animals administered the highest activity TATs with higher lipophilicities lived for the duration of the 7 month study and exhibited chronic progressive nephropathy. Changes in TAT lipophilicity were not associated with changes in liver uptake, dose, or toxicity. Significant observations include that lipophilicity correlates with kidney BD, the kidney-to-liver BD ratio, and weight loss and that blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels correlated with kidney uptake. Furthermore, BUN was identified as having higher sensitivity and specificity of detection of kidney pathology, and the liver enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALKP) had high sensitivity and specificity for detection of liver damage associated with the TAT. These findings suggest that tuning radiopharmaceutical lipophilicity can effectively modulate the level of kidney uptake to reduce morbidity and improve both safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges K Tafreshi
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - HyunJoo Kil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States.,Modulation Therapeutics, Inc., Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Darpan N Pandya
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Christopher J Tichacek
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States.,Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Michael L Doligalski
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Mikalai M Budzevich
- Small Animal Imaging Laboratory and Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Nella C Delva
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Michael L Langsen
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - John A Vallas
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - David C Boulware
- Small Animal Imaging Laboratory and Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Robert W Engelman
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology & Cell Biology and Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Kenneth L Gage
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Eduardo G Moros
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States.,Departments of Radiation Oncology and Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States.,Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States.,Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology & Cell Biology and Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Thaddeus J Wadas
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Mark L McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States.,Modulation Therapeutics, Inc., Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - David L Morse
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States.,Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States.,Small Animal Imaging Laboratory and Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States.,Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology & Cell Biology and Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
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Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD or depression) is a debilitating neuropsychiatric syndrome with genetic, epigenetic, and environmental contributions. Depression is one of the largest contributors to chronic disease burden; it affects more than one in six individuals in the United States. A wide array of cellular and molecular modifications distributed across a variety of neuronal processes and circuits underlie the pathophysiology of depression-no established mechanism can explain all aspects of the disease. MDD suffers from a vast treatment gap worldwide, and large numbers of individuals who require treatment do not receive adequate care. This mini-review focuses on dysregulation of brain dopamine (DA) systems in the pathophysiology of MDD and describing new cellular targets for potential medication development focused on DA-modulated micro-circuits. We also explore how neurodevelopmental factors may modify risk for later emergence of MDD, possibly through dopaminergic substrates in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nella C Delva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Gregg D Stanwood
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.,Center for Brain Repair, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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Tafreshi NK, Tichacek CJ, Pandya DN, Doligalski ML, Budzevich MM, Kil H, Bhatt NB, Kock ND, Messina JL, Ruiz EE, Delva NC, Weaver A, Gibbons WR, Boulware DC, Khushalani NI, El-Haddad G, Triozzi PL, Moros EG, McLaughlin ML, Wadas TJ, Morse DL. Melanocortin 1 Receptor-Targeted α-Particle Therapy for Metastatic Uveal Melanoma. J Nucl Med 2019; 60:1124-1133. [PMID: 30733316 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.217240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
New effective therapies are greatly needed for metastatic uveal melanoma, which has a very poor prognosis with a median survival of less than 1 y. The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is expressed in 94% of uveal melanoma metastases, and a MC1R-specific ligand (MC1RL) with high affinity and selectivity for MC1R was previously developed. Methods: The 225Ac-DOTA-MC1RL conjugate was synthesized in high radiochemical yield and purity and was tested in vitro for biostability and for MC1R-specific cytotoxicity in uveal melanoma cells, and the lanthanum-DOTA-MC1RL analog was tested for binding affinity. Non-tumor-bearing BALB/c mice were tested for maximum tolerated dose and biodistribution. Severe combined immunodeficient mice bearing uveal melanoma tumors or engineered MC1R-positive and -negative tumors were studied for biodistribution and efficacy. Radiation dosimetry was calculated using mouse biodistribution data and blood clearance kinetics from Sprague-Dawley rat data. Results: High biostability, MC1R-specific cytotoxicity, and high binding affinity were observed. Limiting toxicities were not observed at even the highest administered activities. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution studies revealed rapid blood clearance (<15 min), renal and hepatobillary excretion, MC1R-specific tumor uptake, and minimal retention in other normal tissues. Radiation dosimetry calculations determined pharmacokinetics parameters and absorbed α-emission dosages from 225Ac and its daughters. Efficacy studies demonstrated significantly prolonged survival and decreased metastasis burden after a single administration of 225Ac-DOTA-MC1RL in treated mice relative to controls. Conclusion: These results suggest significant potential for the clinical translation of 225Ac-DOTA-MC1RL as a novel therapy for metastatic uveal melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges K Tafreshi
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Christopher J Tichacek
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.,Department of Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.,Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Darpan N Pandya
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Michael L Doligalski
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Mikalai M Budzevich
- Small Animal Imaging Laboratory, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - HyunJoo Kil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, and Modulation Therapeutics Inc., Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Nikunj B Bhatt
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Nancy D Kock
- Section on Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jane L Messina
- Departments of Anatomic Pathology and Cutaneous Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.,Department of Dermatology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.,Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Epifanio E Ruiz
- Small Animal Imaging Laboratory, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Nella C Delva
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Adam Weaver
- Division of Research Integrity and Compliance, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - William R Gibbons
- Division of Research Integrity and Compliance, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - David C Boulware
- Biostatistics Core Facility, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Nikhil I Khushalani
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Ghassan El-Haddad
- Departments of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida; and
| | - Pierre L Triozzi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Eduardo G Moros
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.,Department of Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.,Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.,Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Mark L McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, and Modulation Therapeutics Inc., Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Thaddeus J Wadas
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - David L Morse
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida .,Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.,Small Animal Imaging Laboratory, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.,Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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Tafreshi NK, Delva NC, Tichacek CJ, Doligalski ML, Pandya DN, Bhatt NB, Kil H, Budzevich MM, Ruiz E, Wadas TJ, McLaughlin ML, Morse DL. Abstract 5198: Targeted alpha particle therapy for uveal melanoma. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-5198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
New effective therapies are greatly needed for uveal melanoma, the most common ocular malignancy, which has a very poor prognosis with a median survival of less than one year when metastatic disease develops. The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is expressed in 94% of uveal melanomas but is not expressed in normal tissues of concern for toxicity. Previously, we developed an MC1R specific ligand (MC1RL) with high affinity and selectivity for MC1R. We used the MC1RL as a targeting scaffold for development of a radiopharmaceutical by conjugation of 225Ac chelate to form 225Ac -MC1RL-DOTA. 225Ac is a therapeutic alpha-emitting radionuclide. 225Ac -MC1RL-DOTA was synthesized with high radiochemical yield and purity (>95 and >99 % respectively) with an excellent in vitro stability, i.e. 90% after 10 days in human serum at 37ºC. An MTT cytotoxicity study demonstrated MC1R specific antiproliferative effect in cutaneous, ocular and uveal melanoma cell lines. A maximum tolerated dose (MTD) study was completed, where a range of 0-148 kBq (0-4 µCi) of 225Ac -MC1RL-DOTA was administered to groups of BALB/c mice. The radiopharmaceutical was well tolerated at even the highest doses and animals did not reach any clinical endpoints, such as weight loss, loss of kidney function or abnormal pathology. Biodistribution studies on MC1R expressing tumor bearing mice revealed tumor selectivity and a combination of renal and hepatic clearance with minimal retention in other normal tissues. A blood PK study in rats showed rapid clearance of the agent from the blood in <60 min. To determine radiodosimetry, gamma spectra were acquired for tumors, blood and other tissues and organs over a 21-day time period and activity curves generated for each tissue for 225Ac and other gamma-emitting daughter products in the decay chain. An exponential line-fitting of these curves allowed the estimation of clearance kinetics, tissue biological half-life and total absorbed dose (Gy) for each tissue. Doses were highest in MC1R positive tumors and clearance organs (liver, kidney and spleen) and low in all other tissues. In vivo efficacy studies were performed in human A375/MC1R cutaneous and MEL20 uveal melanoma tumors in SCID mice, or syngeneic mouse B16 melanoma tumors in C57BL/6 mice (n=10/group) injected with either 225Ac -MC1RL-DOTA, 225Ac-scrambled-MC1RL-DOTA, La-MC1RL-DOTA (non-radioactive control agent) or saline. In every case a tumor growth delay was observed in treated mice relative to controls, and a percentage of mice bearing the human tumors had complete remission. In conclusion, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo properties of 225Ac-MC1RL-DOTA in this study. This agent demonstrated a significant MC1R-specific in vivo therapeutic efficacy in a mouse model of uveal melanoma with low systemic toxicity.
Citation Format: Narges K. Tafreshi, Nella C. Delva, Christopher J. Tichacek, Michael L. Doligalski, Darpan N. Pandya, Nikunj B. Bhatt, HyunJoo Kil, Mikalai M. Budzevich, Epifanio Ruiz, Thaddeus J. Wadas, Mark L. McLaughlin, David L. Morse. Targeted alpha particle therapy for uveal melanoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5198. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5198
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nella C. Delva
- 1H.Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Epifanio Ruiz
- 1H.Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | | | | | - David L. Morse
- 1H.Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
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