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Metal-free photocatalytic cross-electrophile coupling enables C1 homologation and alkylation of carboxylic acids with aldehydes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1509. [PMID: 38374079 PMCID: PMC10876646 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45804-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In contemporary drug discovery, enhancing the sp3-hybridized character of molecular structures is paramount, necessitating innovative synthetic methods. Herein, we introduce a deoxygenative cross-electrophile coupling technique that pairs easily accessible carboxylic acid-derived redox-active esters with aldehyde sulfonyl hydrazones, employing Eosin Y as an organophotocatalyst under visible light irradiation. This approach serves as a versatile, metal-free C(sp3)-C(sp3) cross-coupling platform. We demonstrate its synthetic value as a safer, broadly applicable C1 homologation of carboxylic acids, offering an alternative to the traditional Arndt-Eistert reaction. Additionally, our method provides direct access to cyclic and acyclic β-arylethylamines using diverse aldehyde-derived sulfonyl hydrazones. Notably, the methodology proves to be compatible with the late-stage functionalization of peptides on solid-phase, streamlining the modification of intricate peptides without the need for exhaustive de-novo synthesis.
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2
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Closing the Cycle as It Begins: Synthesis of
ortho
‐Iodobiaryls via Catellani Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202218928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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3
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Closing the Cycle as It Begins: Synthesis of ortho-Iodobiaryls via Catellani Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218928. [PMID: 36883967 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the advances in the field of carbon-halogen bond formation, the straightforward catalytic access to selectively functionalized iodoaryls remains a challenge. Here, we report a one-pot synthesis of ortho-iodobiaryls from aryl iodides and bromides by palladium/norbornene catalysis. This new example of Catellani reaction features the initial cleavage of a C(sp2)-I bond, followed by the key formation of a palladacycle through ortho C-H activation, the oxidative addition of an aryl bromide and the ultimate restoration of the C(sp2)-I bond. A large variety of valuable o-iodobiaryls has been synthesized in satisfactory to good yields and their derivatization have been described too. Beyond the synthetic utility of this transformation, a DFT study provides insights on the mechanism of the key reductive elimination step, which is driven by an original transmetallation between palladium(II)-halides complexes.
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4
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Regioselective one-step alkoxy-aryloxycarbonylation of alkenes. J Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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5
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Diastereoselective synthesis of tetrahydropyranes via Ag(I)-initiated dimerization of cinnamyl ethers. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:9287-9291. [PMID: 36385199 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01876d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We present herein the first synthesis of tetrahydropyranes promoted by a silver salt. Cinnamyl ethers undergo a formal dimerization affording the target heterocycle via sequential C-O bond cleavage/C-H bond functionalization. The cascade allows one to assemble three new bonds and to establish up to four stereocenters. The reaction likely proceeds through a cationic manifold that forms the target in a diastereoselective fashion.
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6
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Perfluorinated Sulfonate Resins as Reusable Heterogeneous Catalysts for the One‐pot Synthesis of DiPhenolic Esters (DPEs). European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202201315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Unexpected Stereoselective Access to 2‐Aminooxazolines from Propargyl Ureas by Silver Salts under Mild Conditions. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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8
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Heterogenizing palladium tetraiodide catalyst for carbonylation reactions. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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9
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Palladium iodide catalyzed carbonylative double cyclization to a new class of S,O-bicyclic heterocycles. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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10
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Combined Effect of Palladium Catalyst and the Alcohol to Promote the Uncommon Bis‐Alkoxycarbonylation of Allylic Substrates. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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11
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A palladium iodide catalyzed regioselective carbonylative route to isocoumarin and thienopyranone carboxylic esters. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Inter/Intramolecular Cascade of 1,6-Enynes Catalyzed by All-Metal Aromatic Tripalladium Complexes and Carboxylic Acids. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15433-15452. [PMID: 34657418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trinuclear all-metal aromatic clusters are an original class of molecules with a cyclic and planar metal core. Characterized by peculiar metal-metal delocalized bonds, they represent a new frontier in transition-metal catalysis. We report a study on C-C-forming reactions of polyunsaturated substrates catalyzed by trinuclear all-metal aromatic palladium clusters. The synthesis of two new families of tricyclic compounds was obtained with a broad functional group tolerance under mild reaction conditions. A peculiar regio- and diastereoselectivity characterized the method, demonstrating that trinuclear palladium complexes are complementary to their popular mononuclear peers. Furthermore, preliminary studies on the mechanism of these polycyclization reactions revealed unique features of the homogeneous catalytic system.
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13
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Site-Selective Double and Tetracyclization Routes to Fused Polyheterocyclic Structures by Pd-Catalyzed Carbonylation Reactions. Org Lett 2020; 22:1569-1574. [PMID: 32011899 PMCID: PMC7307965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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In this contribution,
we report novel palladium-catalyzed carbonylative
cascade approaches to highly functionalized polyheterocyclic structures.
The Pd-catalyzed carbonylative process involves the regioselective
insertion of one to three CO molecules and the sequential ordered
formation of up to eight new bonds (one C–O, two C–C,
five C–N). The exclusive formation of six-membered heterocycles
is elucidated by detailed modeling studies.
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14
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Front Cover Picture: Bis‐Alkoxycarbonylation of Acrylic Esters and Amides for the Synthesis of 2‐Alkoxycarbonyl or 2‐Carbamoyl Succinates (Adv. Synth. Catal. 3/2020). Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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15
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Palladium(0)/benzoic acid catalysis merges sequences with D 2O-promoted labelling of C-H bonds. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10297-10304. [PMID: 32110316 PMCID: PMC6979390 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03682b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of a Pd(0) complex with benzoic acid in the presence of D2O enables the synthesis of valuable families of highly deuterated organics through elaborate sequential reactions. The catalytic system can convert 2-butyne fragments into the corresponding d-dienamides, which can then readily deliver labeled polycyclic quinone motifs. Propargylated tryptamines lead to formation of highly enriched tetrahydrocarbolines through the C-H activation of their unprotected indole ring. Mechanistic studies reveal the ordered series of events that regulate the outcome of these complex reactions, which include multiple, sequential and selective H/D scrambling from the cheapest and safest deuterium source.
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16
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Bis‐Alkoxycarbonylation of Acrylic Esters and Amides for the Synthesis of 2‐Alkoxycarbonyl or 2‐Carbamoyl Succinates. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Synthesis of fluorenyl alcohols via cooperative palladium/norbornene catalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:6165-6173. [PMID: 31192343 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01085h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a novel catalytic synthesis of substituted 9H-fluoren-9-ols starting from aryl iodides and secondary ortho-bromobenzyl alcohols in the presence of palladium/norbornene as a catalytic system. The present protocol exhibits high functional group tolerance, mild reaction conditions and moderate to good yields. This transformation is based on two sequential pathways: (i) Pd(ii)-mediated oxidation of the secondary alcohol to the corresponding ketone and (ii) Pd(0)/norbornene-catalyzed reaction of the in situ generated ortho-bromoacetophenone with the aryl iodide.
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18
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Palladium-Catalyzed Double Cyclization Processes Leading to Polycyclic Heterocycles: Recent Advances. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Synthesis of Imidazolidin-2-ones and Imidazol-2-ones via Base-Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroamidation of Propargylic Ureas under Ambient Conditions. J Org Chem 2019; 84:3477-3490. [PMID: 30788963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The first organo-catalyzed synthesis of imidazolidin-2-ones and imidazol-2-ones via intramolecular hydroamidation of propargylic ureas is reported. The phosphazene base BEMP turned out to be the most active organo-catalyst compared with guanidine and amidine bases. Excellent chemo- and regioselectivities to five-membered cyclic ureas have been achieved under ambient conditions, with a wide substrate scope and exceptionally short reaction times (down to 1 min). A base-mediated isomerization step to an allenamide intermediate is the most feasible reaction pathway to give imidazol-2-ones, as suggested by DFT studies.
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20
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Catalytic Double Cyclization Process for Antitumor Agents against Breast Cancer Cell Lines. iScience 2018; 3:279-288. [PMID: 30428327 PMCID: PMC6137400 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of efficient synthetic strategies for the discovery of novel antitumor molecules is a major goal in current research. In this context, we report here a catalytic double cyclization process leading to bicyclic heterocycles with significant antitumor activity on different human breast cancer (BC) cell lines. The products, 6,6a-dihydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-2(5H)-ones, were obtained in one step, starting from simple substrates (4-yne-1,3-diols, CO, and O2), under the catalytic action of PdI2 in conjunction with KI. These compounds have significant antiproliferative activity in vitro on human BC cell lines, both hormone receptor positive (MCF-7) and triple negative (triple-negative breast cancer [TNBC]; MDA-MB-231 and MDAMB-468), while exhibiting practically no effects on normal MCF-10A (human mammary epithelial) and 3T3-L1 (murine fibroblasts) cells. Thus, these compounds have the potential to expand the therapeutic options against BC, and in particular, against its most aggressive forms (TNBCs). Moreover, the present synthetic approach may provide an economic benefit for their production.
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21
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Formation of a carbonyl group ortho to a biaryl structure or a 6H-dibenzopyran by a palladium/norbornene-catalyzed ordered reaction sequence. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.05.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Catalytic Oxidative Carbonylation of Amino Moieties to Ureas, Oxamides, 2-Oxazolidinones, and Benzoxazolones. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:2204-2211. [PMID: 26089244 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201500343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The direct syntheses of ureas, oxamides, 2-oxazolidinones, and benzoxazolones by the oxidative carbonylation of amines, β-amino alcohols, and 2-aminophenols allows us to obtain high value added molecules, which have a large number of important applications in several fields, from very simple building blocks. We have found that it is possible to perform these transformations using the PdI2 /KI catalytic system in an ionic liquid, such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, as the solvent, the solvent/catalyst system can be recycled several times with only a slight loss of activity, and the product can be recovered easily by crystallization.
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23
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Correction: A novel enantioselective synthesis of 6H-dibenzopyran derivatives by combined palladium/norbornene and cinchona alkaloid catalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:2481. [PMID: 25629771 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob90021b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Correction for 'A novel enantioselective synthesis of 6H-dibenzopyran derivatives by combined palladium/norbornene and cinchona alkaloid catalysis' by Di Xu et al., Org. Biomol. Chem., 2015, DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02551b.
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25
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A sequential Pd/norbornene-catalyzed process generates o-biaryl carbaldehydes or ketones via a redox reaction or 6H-dibenzopyrans by C-O ring closure. Org Lett 2012; 14:5792-5. [PMID: 23134173 DOI: 10.1021/ol302889t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
o-Biaryl carbaldeydes and ketones are obtained through the one-pot reaction of o-aryl iodides with o-bromobenzyl alcohols under the catalytic action of Pd and norbornene, in the presence of a base. The same reaction can also give dibenzopyrans by Pd and norbornene catalysis with a different termination, leading to C-O ring closure. In both cases the process first leads to a five-membered palladacycle, which controls C-C coupling, then to a seven-membered oxapalladacycle, which gives aldehydes and ketones or dibenzopyrans.
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26
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Of the ortho effect in palladium/norbornene-catalyzed reactions: a theoretical investigation. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:8574-85. [PMID: 21563760 DOI: 10.1021/ja110988p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic questions concerning palladium and norbornene catalyzed aryl-aryl coupling reactions are treated in this paper: how aryl halides react with the intermediate palladacycles, formed by interaction of the two catalysts with an aryl halide, and what is the rational explanation of the "ortho effect" (caused by an ortho substituent in the starting aryl halide), which leads to aryl-aryl coupling with a second molecule of aryl halide rather than to aryl-norbornyl coupling. Two possible pathways have been proposed, one involving aryl halide oxidative addition to the palladacycle, the other passing through a palladium(II) transmetalation, also involving the palladacycle, as previously proposed by Cardenas and Echavarren. Our DFT calculations using M06 show that, in palladium-catalyzed reaction of aryl halides, not containing ortho substituents, and norbornene, the intermediate palladacycle formed has a good probability to undergo transmetalation, energetically favored over the oxidative addition leading to Pd(IV). The unselective sp(2)-sp(2) and sp(2)-sp(3) coupling, experimentally observed in this case, can be explained in the framework of the transmetalation pathway since the energetic difference between aryl attack onto the aryl or norbornyl carbon of the palladacycle intermediate is quite small. On the other hand, according to the experimentally observed "ortho effect", selective aryl-aryl coupling only occurs in the reactions of ortho-substituted metallacycles. The present work offers the first possible rationalization of this finding. These in situ formed palladacycles containing an ortho substituent could more easily undergo oxidative addition of an aryl halide rather than reductive elimination from the transmetalation intermediate as a result of a steric clash in the transition state of the latter. The now energetically accessible Pd(IV) intermediate, featuring a Y-distorted trigonal bipyramidal structure, can account for the reported selective aryl-aryl coupling through a reductive elimination which is easier than aryl-norbornyl coupling. Thus, the steric effect represents the main factor that dictates the energetic convenience of the system to follow the Pd(IV) or the transmetalation pathway. Ortho substituents cause a higher energy transition state for reductive elimination from the transmetalation intermediate than for oxidative addition to the metallacycle palladium(II) and the pathway based on the latter predominates.
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27
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Effective Guanidine-Catalyzed Synthesis of Carbonate and Carbamate Derivatives from Propargyl Alcohols in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Adv Synth Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201000607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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One-Pot Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Selectively Substituted Phenanthridines by Sequential Aryl-Aryl and Heck Couplings, Aza-Michael and Retro-Mannich Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201000114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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Cascade Reactions: Catalytic Synthesis of Functionalized 1,3-Dihydroisobenzofuran and Tetrahydrofuran Derivatives by Sequential Nucleophilic Ring Opening-Heterocyclization- Oxidative Carbonylation of Alkynyloxiranes. Adv Synth Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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30
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31
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A Direct Palladium-Catalyzed Route to Selectively Substituted Carbazoles through Sequential CC and CN Bond Formation: Synthesis of Carbazomycin A. Adv Synth Catal 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200800421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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33
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Calixarene-Based Picolinamide Extractants for Selective An/Ln Separation from Radioactive Waste. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200400793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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34
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Enlarging the size of calix[4]arene-crowns-6 to improve Cs+/K+ selectivity: a theoretical and experimental study. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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