Short-term pharmacokinetic study of mycophenolate mofetil in neonatal swine

BACKGROUND

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an effective immunosuppressive agent that has been frequently used in laboratory animals including swine; however, the pharmacokinetic properties of MMF in swine have not been studied. This short-term study was designed to evaluate the feasibility and the pharmacokinetic profiles of MMF therapy in neonatal swine.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twelve neonatal pigs were randomized into four groups including one control and three treated groups with oral MMF administered at 0.5, 1, and 2 g/m(2)/d for 4 days, divided by 2 half-doses at 9:00 and 17:00 (except day 4 during which MMF was not administered at 17:00). Blood samples were collected at 9:00 on days 0, 2, 3 and 4 for complete blood count and hepatic/renal function examination; the trough concentration of plasma mycophenolic acid (MPA) was also determined. On days 2 and 4, blood was collected to determine the area under the curve (AUC) of plasma MPA concentration. Animal body-weight growth and manifestations of MMF side-effects such as anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea were also observed.

RESULTS

MMF has no acute hepatic/renal toxicity in newborn pigs; however, less body-weight growth was observed in treated groups. In the control group, a spontaneous increase of lymphocyte count was observed; in contrast, MMF therapy with doses of 1 and 2 g/m(2)/d reduced both lymphocyte and monocyte counts of piglets. Oral MMF had high bioavailability in neonatal swine. MPA-AUC0-12h of doses 0.5, 1, and 2 g/m(2)/d was 22.00 ± 3.32, 57.57 ± 34.30, and 140.00 ± 19.70 μg × h/mL, respectively. Neither MPA trough concentration (MPA-C0), nor MPA maximum concentration (MPA-Cmax) or MPA-AUC0-6h had high correlation with MMF-dose. For surveillance of MPA exposure, MPA-C0 had significant correlation with MPA-AUC0-12h (Spearman's ρ = 0.933, AUC0-12h = 17.882 × C0 + 14.479, r(2) = 0.966).

CONCLUSION

To reach adequate drug exposure and to reduce dose-dependent side effects, an MMF dose of 1 g/m(2)/d is recommended to be used as an initial dose for immunosuppressive therapy in piglets, and MPA-C0 monitoring is the most practical strategy for experimental transplantation study.

Coil optimization for low-field MRI: a dedicated process for small animal preclinical studies

We demonstrate a method for the fast in vivo quantification of small volumes, down to 25 µL, using low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) coils. The coils were designed so as to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the images. For this we developed an analytical model for describing the variations of the SNR with coil design and with size/shape suited to the object under observation. Based on the conclusions drawn from the model, the coil parameters were chosen in order to reach an SNR close to the maximum. For the validation of the model, coils were finally characterized in terms of quality factor using saline phantoms. The coil design procedure is illustrated here with two examples: first, the quantification of about 200 µL of intradermal injected gel on rabbits with a single loop surface coil and second, the imaging of the intervertebral disks in rat tails using a small volume coil to detect possible lesions. Such studies would not have been feasible for the clinical low-field MRI system at our disposal using any of the commercially available medium-sized manufactured coils. As a result of this simple optimization procedure, a wide range of applications is accessible even at low magnetic fields, leading to new opportunities for low-cost, though efficient, preclinical studies.