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Valderhaug S, Paškanová N, Tůma J, Herciková J, Eigner V, Liu H, Gorovoy A, Johansen JE, Gautun OR. Synthesis, identification, chiral separation and crystal structure of (3 R,4 R,7 S,8 S)-3,4,7,8-tetrachlorodecane and its stereoisomers. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16987. [PMID: 37346323 PMCID: PMC10279909 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are a notoriously known class of compounds that stand amongst the most wide-spread persistent organic pollutants. Therefore, their reliable, repeatable, and reproducible quantitative analysis using well-defined reference standards is of utmost importance. In view of the increasing demand for constitutionally and stereochemically defined CP standards, we have synthesized a stereoisomeric mixture of 3,4,7,8-tetrachlorodecane. One stereoisomer - (3R,4R,7S,8S)-3,4,7,8-tetrachlorodecane was separated from the mixture, and enriched fractions of residual stereoisomers were achieved through crystallisation of the residual mother liquors. The molecular structure of the single isolated stereoisomer was confirmed through single-crystal X-ray crystallographic data. One fraction of 3,4,7,8-tetrachlorodecane stereoisomers was successfully separated on a chiral stationary phase using supercritical fluid chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry (column: Chiral ART Amylose-C; mobile phase: CO2/MeOH (96/4 v/v) with 0.1% diethylamine). The reported separation of stereoisomers is unprecedented in CP analysis so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig Valderhaug
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
- Chiron AS, Stiklestadveien 1, NO-7041 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Natalie Paškanová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 16628, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Tůma
- Chiron AS, Stiklestadveien 1, NO-7041 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 16628, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Herciková
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 16628, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Eigner
- Department of Solid State Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 16628, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Huiling Liu
- Chiron AS, Stiklestadveien 1, NO-7041 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | - Odd Reidar Gautun
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
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Valderhaug S, Liu H, Gorovoy A, Johansen JE, van Mourik L, de Boer J, Gautun OR. Nuclear magnetic resonance as a tool to determine chlorine percentage of chlorinated paraffin mixtures. Chemosphere 2022; 308:136312. [PMID: 36096309 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A new simple method for chlorine percentage calculations (method C), from proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, has been established and applied to an industrial chlorinated paraffin (CP) mixture and 13 single-chain CPs of known carbon chain lengths. Two modified methods (method A and B), originating from the work of Sprengel et al., have been utilized on the same single-chain mixtures. All samples were analysed by 1H NMR and two-dimensional heteronuclear quantum coherence (HSQC) for this purpose. All three methods worked well for medium chlorinated (45-55% Cl) single-chain mixtures of known carbon chain lengths. Method A yielded the best result for mixtures of lower chlorine content (<45% Cl), method C gave better estimations for higher chlorine contents (>55% Cl). Compared to Mohr's titration, method A showed a deviation of 0.7-7.8% (3.6% average), method B 4.1-11.3% (7.0% average) and method C 0.6-11.6% (5.2% average), for all 13 single-chain mixtures. The new method C is the only method that could be applied for determining the chlorine percentage of industrial mixtures of multiple, unknown chain lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig Valderhaug
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway; Chiron AS, Stiklestadveien 1, NO-7041, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Huiling Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway; Chiron AS, Stiklestadveien 1, NO-7041, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alexey Gorovoy
- Chiron AS, Stiklestadveien 1, NO-7041, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Louise van Mourik
- Department of Environment and Health (E&H), Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, 1108, 1081, HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Department of Environment and Health (E&H), Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, 1108, 1081, HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Odd Reidar Gautun
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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Almenningen DM, Haga BS, Hansen HE, Buene AF, Hoff BH, Gautun OR. Adamantyl Side Chains as Anti-Aggregating Moieties in Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201726. [PMID: 35686677 PMCID: PMC9543767 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Designing and evaluating novel dye concepts is crucial for the development of the field of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In our recent report, the novel concept of tethering the anti‐aggregation additive chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) to dyes for DSSC was introduced. Based on the performance improvements seen for this modification, the aim of this study is to see if a simplified anti‐aggregation unit could achieve similar results. The following study reports the synthesis and photovoltaic characterization of two novel dyes decorated with the steric ethyladamantyl moiety on the π‐spacer, and on the triarylamine donor. This modification is demonstrated to be successful in increasing the photovoltages in devices employing copper‐based electrolytes compared to the non‐modified reference dye. The best photovoltaic performance is achieved by a device prepared with the adamantyl decorated donor dye and CDCA, this device achieves a power conversion efficiency of 6.1 % (Short‐circuit current=8.3 mA cm−2, Open‐circuit voltage=1054 mV, Fill factor=0.69). The improved photovoltaic performance seen for the adamantyl decorated donor demonstrate the potential of ethyladamantyl side chains as a tool to ensure surface protection of TiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Moe Almenningen
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Brita Susanne Haga
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Henrik Erring Hansen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Saelands vei 12, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Audun Formo Buene
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 7a, 7034, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bård Helge Hoff
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Odd Reidar Gautun
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
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Almenningen DM, Engh VM, Strømsodd EA, Hansen HE, Buene AF, Hoff BH, Gautun OR. Synthetic Efforts to Investigate the Effect of Planarizing the Triarylamine Geometry in Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. ACS Omega 2022; 7:22046-22057. [PMID: 35785284 PMCID: PMC9245111 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The geometry of a dye for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) has a major impact on its optical and electronic properties. The dye structure also dictates the packing properties and how well the dye insulates the metal-oxide surface from oxidants in the electrolyte. The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of planarizing the geometry of the common triarylamine donor, frequently used in dyes for DSSC. Five novel dyes were designed and prepared; two employ conventional triarylamine donors with thiophene and furan π-spacers, two dyes have had their donors planarized through one sulfur bridge (making two distinct phenothiazine motifs), and the final dye has been planarized by forming a double phenoxazine. The synthesis of these model dyes proved to be quite challenging, and each required specially designed total syntheses. We demonstrate that the planarization of the triarylamine donor can have different effects. When planarization was achieved by a 3,7-phenothiazine and double phenoxazine structures, improved absorption properties were noted, and a panchromatic absorption was achieved by the latter. However, an incorrect linking of donor and acceptor moieties has the opposite effect. Further, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed clear differences in charge recombination depending on the structure of the dye. A drawback of planarized dyes in relation to DSSC is their low oxidation potentials. The best photovoltaic performance was achieved by 3,7-phenothazine with furan as a π-spacer, which produces a power conversion efficiency of 5.2% (J sc = 8.8 mA cm-2, V oc = 838 mV, FF = 0.70).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Moe Almenningen
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Veslemøy Minge Engh
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eivind Andreas Strømsodd
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Henrik Erring Hansen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 12, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Audun Formo Buene
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 7a, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bård Helge Hoff
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Odd Reidar Gautun
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Yemene AE, Venkatraman V, Moe Almenningen D, Hoff BH, Gautun OR. Synthesis of Novel 3,6-Dithienyl Diketopyrrolopyrrole Dyes by Direct C‒H Arylation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102349. [PMID: 32443478 PMCID: PMC7288183 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct C-H arylation coupling is potentially a more economical and sustainable process than conventional cross-coupling. However, this method has found limited application in the synthesis of organic dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells. Although direct C-H arylation is not an universal solution to any cross-coupling reactions, it efficiently complements conventional sp2−sp2 bond formation and can provide shorter and more efficient routes to diketopyrrolopyrrole dyes. Here, we have applied palladium catalyzed direct C-H arylation in the synthesis of five new 3,6-dithienyl diketopyrrolopyrrole dyes. All prepared sensitizers display broad absorption from 350 nm up to 800 nm with high molar extinction coefficients. The dye-sensitized solar cells based on these dyes exhibit a power conversion efficiency in the range of 2.9 to 3.4%.
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Raju R, Bandyopadhyay S, Sharma A, Gonzalez SV, Carlsen PH, Gautun OR, Glomm WR. Synthesis, Characterization and Drug Loading of Multiresponsive p[NIPAm-co-PEGMA] (core)/p[NIPAm-co-AAc] (Shell) Nanogels with Monodisperse Size Distributions. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E309. [PMID: 30966344 PMCID: PMC6414958 DOI: 10.3390/polym10030309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis and properties of temperature- and pH-responsive p([NIPAm-co-PEGMA] (core)/[NIPAm-co-AAc] (shell)) nanogels with narrow size distributions, tunable sizes and increased drug loading efficiencies. The core-shell nanogels were synthesized using an optimized two-stage seeded polymerization methodology. The core-shell nanogels show a narrow size distribution and controllable physico-chemical properties. The hydrodynamic sizes, charge distributions, temperature-induced volume phase transition behaviors, pH-responsive behaviors and drug loading capabilities of the core-shell nanogels were investigated using transmission electron microscopy, zeta potential measurements, dynamic light scattering and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The size of the core-shell nanogels was controlled by polymerizing NIPAm with crosslinker poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) of different molecular weights (Mn-200, 400, 550 and 750 g/mol) during the core synthesis. It was found that the swelling/deswelling kinetics of the nanogels was sharp and reversible; with its volume phase transition temperature in the range of 40⁻42 °C. Furthermore, the nanogels loaded with l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), using a modified breathing-in mechanism, showed high loading and encapsulation efficiencies, providing potential possibilities of such nanogels for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Raju
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Sulalit Bandyopadhyay
- Ugelstad Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Anuvansh Sharma
- Ugelstad Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Susana Villa Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Per Henning Carlsen
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Odd Reidar Gautun
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Wilhelm Robert Glomm
- Polymer Particles and Surface Chemistry Research Group, SINTEF Industry, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway.
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Melnes S, Bayer A, Gautun OR. Cyclotrimerization of unsymmetrically bromo-substituted diynes: toward the synthesis of potential selective inhibitors of tyrosine kinase 2. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
The question raised in the title was answered. (3R, 3'S)-meso-Zeaxanthin was submitted to iodine catalyzed photochemical stereoisomerisation. The enantiomeric (9Z) and (9'Z) geometrical isomers were isolated by semipreparative HPLC and separated as diastereomeric dicarbamates on a chiral column only. Cleavage of the carbamate could not be effected. CD-Spectra of (1"S, 1"S)- and (1"R, 1"R)-dicarbamates of geometrical isomers of (3R, 3'R)- and (3R, 3'S)-meso-zeaxanthin were systematically studied and the contribution from the carbamate moieties revealed. It was concluded that (9Z, 3R, 3'S)-"meso"-zeaxanthin, in spite of having no symmetry elements, is optically inactive. The result has been rationalised in line with the current hypothesis on the origin of carotenoid CD spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Lutnaes
- Organic Chemistry Laboratories, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Carlsen PHJ, Jørgensen KB, Gautun OR, Jagner S, Håkansson M, Damberg C, Bartfai T, Langel Ü. Transition States in the Crystalline Phase? Thermal Rearrangements of Solid 4H-1,2,4-Triazoles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.49-0676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Axelsson AK, Carlson R, Gautun OR, Jagner S, Håkansson M, Damberg C, Bartfai T, Langel Ü. Links between the Theoretical Rate Law and the Experimental Response Surface. An Example with a Solvolysis Reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.49-0663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kuokkanen T, Jørgensen KB, Gautun OR, Jagner S, Håkansson M, Damberg C, Bartfai T, Langel Ü. Complexation and Decomposition of Benzenediazonium Tetrafluoroborate in the Presence of Acyclic Polyethers in 1,2-Dichloroethane and in the Gas Phase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.49-0668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gautun OR, Carlsen PHJ, Rømming C, Røst E, Khan AZQ, Sandström J, Krogsgaard-Larsen P. Rearrangement of 4H-Triazoles. Synthesis and Thermolysis of 15N-Labelled 4-Ethyl-3,5-diphenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.46-0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gautun OR, Carlsen PHJ, Hallberg A, Stålhandske C, Elding LI, Trabjerg I. Synthesis of Bis(alpha-alkylaminobenzylidene)hydrazines and their Transformation into 4-Alkyl-4H-1,2,4-triazoles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.45-0609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Carlsen PHJ, Gautun OR, Aksnes DW, Brekke T, Maartmann-Moe K, Tønnesen HH, Tokii T. On the Mechanism of the Thermal Rearrangement of 4-Alkyl-4H-1,2,4-Triazoles. Synthesis and Reaction of Optically Active Triazoles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.44-0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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