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Shi H, Luo G, Sutanudjaja EH, Hellwich O, Chen X, Ding J, Wu S, He X, Chen C, Ochege FU, Wang Y, Ling Q, Kurban A, De Maeyer P, Van de Voorde T. Recent impacts of water management on dryland's salinization and degradation neutralization. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:3240-3251. [PMID: 37980171 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Reducing soil salinization of croplands with optimized irrigation and water management is essential to achieve land degradation neutralization (LDN). The effectiveness and sustainability of various irrigation and water management measures to reduce basin-scale salinization remain uncertain. Here we used remote sensing to estimate the soil salinity of arid croplands from 1984 to 2021. We then use Bayesian network analysis to compare the spatial-temporal response of salinity to water management, including various irrigation and drainage methods, in ten large arid river basins: Nile, Tigris-Euphrates, Indus, Tarim, Amu, Ili, Syr, Junggar, Colorado, and San Joaquin. In basins at more advanced phases of development, managers implemented drip and groundwater irrigation and thus effectively controlled salinity by lowering groundwater levels. For the remaining basins using conventional flood irrigation, economic development and policies are crucial for establishing a virtuous circle of "improving irrigation systems, reducing salinity, and increasing agricultural incomes" which is necessary to achieve LDN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Department of Geography, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium; School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Geping Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Research Centre for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory of Geo-Information, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Edwin H Sutanudjaja
- Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584, Netherlands
| | - Olaf Hellwich
- Department of Computer Vision & Remote Sensing, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin 10587, Germany
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Research Centre for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory of Geo-Information, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Jianli Ding
- College of Resources and Environment Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Shixin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Xiufeng He
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Chunbo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Friday U Ochege
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt 500004, Nigeria
| | - Yuangang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Qing Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Alishir Kurban
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Research Centre for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory of Geo-Information, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Philippe De Maeyer
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Geography, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium; Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory of Geo-Information, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Tim Van de Voorde
- Department of Geography, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium; Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory of Geo-Information, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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Xie M, Ma X, Wang Y, Li C, Shi H, Yuan X, Hellwich O, Chen C, Zhang W, Zhang C, Ling Q, Gao R, Zhang Y, Ochege FU, Frankl A, De Maeyer P, Buchmann N, Feigenwinter I, Olesen JE, Juszczak R, Jacotot A, Korrensalo A, Pitacco A, Varlagin A, Shekhar A, Lohila A, Carrara A, Brut A, Kruijt B, Loubet B, Heinesch B, Chojnicki B, Helfter C, Vincke C, Shao C, Bernhofer C, Brümmer C, Wille C, Tuittila ES, Nemitz E, Meggio F, Dong G, Lanigan G, Niedrist G, Wohlfahrt G, Zhou G, Goded I, Gruenwald T, Olejnik J, Jansen J, Neirynck J, Tuovinen JP, Zhang J, Klumpp K, Pilegaard K, Šigut L, Klemedtsson L, Tezza L, Hörtnagl L, Urbaniak M, Roland M, Schmidt M, Sutton MA, Hehn M, Saunders M, Mauder M, Aurela M, Korkiakoski M, Du M, Vendrame N, Kowalska N, Leahy PG, Alekseychik P, Shi P, Weslien P, Chen S, Fares S, Friborg T, Tallec T, Kato T, Sachs T, Maximov T, di Cella UM, Moderow U, Li Y, He Y, Kosugi Y, Luo G. Monitoring of carbon-water fluxes at Eurasian meteorological stations using random forest and remote sensing. Sci Data 2023; 10:587. [PMID: 37679357 PMCID: PMC10485062 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02473-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Simulating the carbon-water fluxes at more widely distributed meteorological stations based on the sparsely and unevenly distributed eddy covariance flux stations is needed to accurately understand the carbon-water cycle of terrestrial ecosystems. We established a new framework consisting of machine learning, determination coefficient (R2), Euclidean distance, and remote sensing (RS), to simulate the daily net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange (NEE) and water flux (WF) of the Eurasian meteorological stations using a random forest model or/and RS. The daily NEE and WF datasets with RS-based information (NEE-RS and WF-RS) for 3774 and 4427 meteorological stations during 2002-2020 were produced, respectively. And the daily NEE and WF datasets without RS-based information (NEE-WRS and WF-WRS) for 4667 and 6763 meteorological stations during 1983-2018 were generated, respectively. For each meteorological station, the carbon-water fluxes meet accuracy requirements and have quasi-observational properties. These four carbon-water flux datasets have great potential to improve the assessments of the ecosystem carbon-water dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
- Department of Geography, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Urumqi, China
- Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xiaofei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
| | - Yuangang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chaofan Li
- School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Haiyang Shi
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Xiuliang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
| | - Olaf Hellwich
- Department of Computer Vision & Remote Sensing, Technische Universität Berlin, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chunbo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
| | - Wenqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
- Department of Geography, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Urumqi, China
- Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qing Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ruixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
- Department of Geography, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Urumqi, China
- Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Friday Uchenna Ochege
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
- Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Port Harcourt, PMB 5323 Choba, East-West, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Amaury Frankl
- Department of Geography, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Philippe De Maeyer
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
- Department of Geography, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Urumqi, China
- Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Iris Feigenwinter
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jørgen E Olesen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Radoslaw Juszczak
- Laboratory of Bioclimatology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Piatkowska 94, 60-649, Poznan, Poland
| | - Adrien Jacotot
- Sol, Agro et hydrosystèmes, Spatialisation (SAS), UMR 1069, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Aino Korrensalo
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu campus, P.O Box 111, Joensuu, FI-80101, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Joensuu, Yliopistokatu 6, FI-80130, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Andrea Pitacco
- University of Padova - DAFNAE, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020, Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Andrej Varlagin
- A.N Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Leninsky pr.33, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ankit Shekhar
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Annalea Lohila
- Climate System Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arnaud Carrara
- Fundación CEAM, Parque Tecnológico, C/Charles R. Darwin, 14, Paterna, 46980, Spain
| | - Aurore Brut
- CESBIO, Université de Toulouse, CNES/CNRS/INRAE/IRD/UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Bart Kruijt
- Wageningen Univertsity, Water Systems and Global change group, PO bx 47, 7700AA, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Loubet
- ECOSYS, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 22 place de l'agronomie, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Bernard Heinesch
- Terra Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Bogdan Chojnicki
- Laboratory of Bioclimatology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Piatkowska 94, 60-649, Poznan, Poland
| | - Carole Helfter
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH), Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Caroline Vincke
- Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Changliang Shao
- National Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station & Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Christian Bernhofer
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Pienner Str. 23, 01737, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Christian Brümmer
- Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christian Wille
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Eeva-Stiina Tuittila
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O Box 111, FIN-80100, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Eiko Nemitz
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH), Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Franco Meggio
- University of Padova - DAFNAE, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020, Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Gang Dong
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | | | - Georg Niedrist
- Eurac research, Institute for Alpine Environment, Viale Druso 1, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Georg Wohlfahrt
- Institut für Ökologie, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Guoyi Zhou
- Institute of Ecology and School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Ignacio Goded
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Thomas Gruenwald
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Pienner Str. 23, 01737, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Janusz Olejnik
- Laboratory of Meteorology, Department of Construction and Geoengineering, Faculty of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Piatkowska 94, 60-649, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joachim Jansen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Limnology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 D, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Neirynck
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Geraardsbergen, 9500, Belgium
| | - Juha-Pekka Tuovinen
- Climate System Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Junhui Zhang
- School of life sciences, Qufu Normal University, 57 Jingxuan West Road, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Katja Klumpp
- Grassland Ecosystem Research, INRAE, VetAgro-Sup, University of Clermont Auvergne, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63000, Clermont Ferrand, France
| | - Kim Pilegaard
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Ladislav Šigut
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Leif Klemedtsson
- Departement of Earth Sciences, Gothenburg University, Guldhedsgatan 5A, Po.Box 460, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Luca Tezza
- University of Padova - DAFNAE, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020, Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Lukas Hörtnagl
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marek Urbaniak
- Laboratory of Meteorology, Department of Construction and Geoengineering, Faculty of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Piatkowska 94, 60-649, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marilyn Roland
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
| | - Marius Schmidt
- Agrosphere Institute IBG-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52425, Germany
| | - Mark A Sutton
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH), Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Markus Hehn
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Pienner Str. 23, 01737, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Matthew Saunders
- School of Natural Sciences, Botany Discipline, Trinity College Dublin, D2, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Matthias Mauder
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Pienner Str. 23, 01737, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Mika Aurela
- Climate System Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Korkiakoski
- Climate System Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mingyuan Du
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8517, Japan
| | - Nadia Vendrame
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, Via Edmund Mach 1, I-38010, Trento, San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Natalia Kowalska
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Paul G Leahy
- School of Engineering & Architecture, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, T12 K8AF, Republic of Ireland
| | - Pavel Alekseychik
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Bioeconomy and environment, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peili Shi
- Lhasa Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Per Weslien
- Departement of Earth Sciences, Gothenburg University, Guldhedsgatan 5A, Po.Box 460, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Silvano Fares
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Thomas Friborg
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Oester Voldgade 10, 1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Tiphaine Tallec
- CESBIO, Université de Toulouse, CNES/CNRS/INRAE/IRD/UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Tomomichi Kato
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Torsten Sachs
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Trofim Maximov
- Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Umberto Morra di Cella
- Climate Change Dept., Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, Saint-Christophe, I-11020, Italy
| | - Uta Moderow
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Pienner Str. 23, 01737, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Yingnian Li
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qinghai, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Yongtao He
- Lhasa Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yoshiko Kosugi
- Laboratory of Forest Hydrology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, 606-8502, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Geping Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Urumqi, China.
- The National Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Sustainable Development in Arid Region (proposed), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China.
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