1
|
Mallow O, Spacek S, Schwarzböck T, Fellner J, Rechberger H. A new thermoanalytical method for the quantification of microplastics in industrial wastewater. Environ Pollut 2020; 259:113862. [PMID: 31884215 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plastics are crucial for our modern lifestyle and yet pose a major threat to our environment. Rising levels of microplastics (MP) in rivers and oceans are a big challenge for our economy and regulatory institutions as well as from a scientific point of view. Smaller microplastic particles, in particular, are especially hard to identify and even harder to quantify in environmental samples. Hence, we present a novel and inexpensive approach to quantify microplastics (MP) on a weight basis, relying on a thermoanalytical method. The Elemental Analysis combined with Overdetermined Equation Method (EA-OEM) was originally developed for determining the plastic content of refuse-derived fuels. It makes use of the distinct differences in the organic elemental composition (C, H, N, S, O) of plastics, biogenic and inorganic materials to calculate the (micro)plastic content on a detailed weight base. The study presented provides the first experimental results yielded from the application of the EA-OEM and two different laboratory approaches to the analysis of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) MP content in industrial effluent samples from one source. In this way, it was possible to ensure that the polymer composition was known and the MP content therein (10-29%) could be derived. Further, the study reveals good MP recovery rates when applying the methodology to PE/PP-spiked samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ole Mallow
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 13, 1040, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stefan Spacek
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 13, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Therese Schwarzböck
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 13, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Fellner
- TU Wien, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Anthropogenic Resources, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 13, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Rechberger
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 13, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Grabowsky S, Mallow O, Pal R, Pergandé Y, Lork E, Näther C, Beckmann J. Conformational trimorphism of bis(2,6-dimesitylphenyl)ditelluride. Z KRIST-CRYST MATER 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/zkri-2018-2077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Besides the previously known α-form (monoclinic, P21/c, Z=4) of bis(2,6-dimesitylphenyl)ditelluride, two new polymorphic modifications, namely the β-form (monoclinic, P21/c, Z=8) and the γ-form (triclinic, P1̅, Z=2), were obtained serendipitously during chemical reactions. In all three modifications, the individual molecules possess significantly different conformations and bond parameters, such as Te–Te bond lengths, C–Te–Te bond angles, C–Te–Te–C torsion angles and intramolecular Menshutkin interactions, which is also reflected in their non-covalent interactions with adjacent molecules in the crystal lattice via London dispersion and electrostatic forces. The interplay between intermolecular and intramolecular forces in these conformational polymorphs was investigated using quantum chemical calculations, which reveal that the β-form should be thermodynamically stable at absolute zero. In contrast, crystallization experiments and thermoanalytical investigations indicate that the α-form is stable at high temperatures and therefore, both forms might be related by enantiotropism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Grabowsky
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen , Leobener Straße 3 und 7 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Ole Mallow
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen , Leobener Straße 3 und 7 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Rumpa Pal
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen , Leobener Straße 3 und 7 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Yves Pergandé
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen , Leobener Straße 3 und 7 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Enno Lork
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen , Leobener Straße 3 und 7 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Christian Näther
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Max-Eyth-Str. 2 , 24118 Kiel , Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen , Leobener Straße 3 und 7 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huber F, Herzel H, Adam C, Mallow O, Blasenbauer D, Fellner J. Combined disc pelletisation and thermal treatment of MSWI fly ash. Waste Manag 2018; 73:381-391. [PMID: 29273540 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An environmentally friendly and cost efficient way for the management of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash represents its thermal co-treatment together with combustible waste. However, the safe introduction and storage of MSWI fly ash in the waste bunker is challenging and associated with severe problems (e.g. dust emissions, generation of undefined lumps and heat in case of moistened MSWI fly ash). Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the suitability of pelletisation as a pretreatment of MSWI fly ash. In particular, MSWI fly ash was characterised after sampling, pelletisation and thermal treatment and the transfer of constituents to secondary fly ash and flue gas was investigated. For this purpose, MSWI fly ash pellets with a water content of about 0.15 kg/kg and a diameter of about 8 mm have been produced by disc pelletiser and treated in an electrically heated pilot-scale rotary kiln at different temperatures, ranging from 450 °C to 1050 °C. The total contents of selected elements in the MSWI fly ash before and after thermal treatment and in the generated secondary fly ash have been analysed in order to understand the fate of each element. Furthermore, leachable contents of selected elements and total content of persistent organic pollutants of the thermally treated MSWI fly ash were determined. Due to the low total content of Hg (0.7 mg/kg) and the low leachate content of Pb (<0.36 mg/kg), even at the lowest treatment temperature of 450 °C, thermally treated MSWI fly ash pellets can be classified as non-hazardous waste. However, temperatures of at least 650 °C are necessary to decrease the toxic equivalency of PCDD/F and DL-PCB. The removal of toxic heavy metals like Cd and Pb is significantly improved at temperatures of 850 °C, 950 °C or even 1050 °C. The observed metal removal led to relatively high contents of e.g. Cu (up to 11,000 mg/kg), Pb (up to 91,000 mg/kg) and Zn (up to 21,000 mg/kg) in the secondary fly ash. This metal enriched secondary fly ash might represent a potential raw material for metal recovery (e.g. via acidic leaching). Due to the high content of total dissolved solids observed in the leachate of thermally treated MSWI fly ash pellets, a wet extraction procedure is suggested to enable its safe disposal at non-hazardous waste landfills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Huber
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Hannes Herzel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und prüfung (BAM), engl. Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division Thermochemical Residues Treatment and Resource Recovery, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Adam
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und prüfung (BAM), engl. Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division Thermochemical Residues Treatment and Resource Recovery, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ole Mallow
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Blasenbauer
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Fellner
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Huber F, Blasenbauer D, Mallow O, Lederer J, Winter F, Fellner J. Thermal co-treatment of combustible hazardous waste and waste incineration fly ash in a rotary kiln. Waste Manag 2016; 58:181-190. [PMID: 27650632 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As current disposal practices for municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash are either associated with significant costs or negative environmental impacts, an alternative treatment was investigated in a field scale experiment. Thereto, two rotary kilns were fed with hazardous waste, and moistened MSWI fly ash (water content of 23%) was added to the fuel of one kiln with a ratio of 169kg/Mg hazardous waste for 54h and 300kg/Mg hazardous waste for 48h while the other kiln was used as a reference. It was shown that the vast majority (>90%) of the inserted MSWI fly ash was transferred to the bottom ash of the rotary kiln. This bottom ash complied with the legal limits for non-hazardous waste landfills, thereby demonstrating the potential of the investigated method to transfer hazardous waste (MSWI fly ash) into non-hazardous waste (bottom ash). The results of a simple mixing test (MSWI fly ash and rotary kiln bottom ash have been mixed accordingly without thermal treatment) revealed that the observed transformation of hazardous MSWI fly ash into non-hazardous bottom ash during thermal co-treatment cannot be referred to dilution, as the mixture did not comply with legal limits for non-hazardous waste landfills. For the newly generated fly ash of the kiln, an increase in the concentration of Cd, K and Pb by 54%, 57% and 22%, respectively, was observed. In general, the operation of the rotary kiln was not impaired by the MSWI fly ash addition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Huber
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality, Resource and Waste Management, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Dominik Blasenbauer
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality, Resource and Waste Management, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040 Vienna, Austria; TU Wien, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Getreidemarkt 9/166, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ole Mallow
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality, Resource and Waste Management, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jakob Lederer
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality, Resource and Waste Management, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Winter
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Getreidemarkt 9/166, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Fellner
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality, Resource and Waste Management, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Trinkel V, Mallow O, Aschenbrenner P, Rechberger H, Fellner J. Characterization of Blast Furnace Sludge with Respect to Heavy Metal Distribution. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Trinkel
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for
Anthropogenic Resources, Institute
for Water Quality, Resource and Waste Management and ‡Institute for Water Quality, Resource
and Waste Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ole Mallow
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for
Anthropogenic Resources, Institute
for Water Quality, Resource and Waste Management and ‡Institute for Water Quality, Resource
and Waste Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Aschenbrenner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for
Anthropogenic Resources, Institute
for Water Quality, Resource and Waste Management and ‡Institute for Water Quality, Resource
and Waste Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Rechberger
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for
Anthropogenic Resources, Institute
for Water Quality, Resource and Waste Management and ‡Institute for Water Quality, Resource
and Waste Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Fellner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for
Anthropogenic Resources, Institute
for Water Quality, Resource and Waste Management and ‡Institute for Water Quality, Resource
and Waste Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Trinkel V, Mallow O, Thaler C, Schenk J, Rechberger H, Fellner J. Behavior of Chromium, Nickel, Lead, Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury in the Blast Furnace—A Critical Review of Literature Data and Plant Investigations. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b03442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Trinkel
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Anthropogenic Resources, Institute for Water
Quality, Resource and Waste Management, Vienna University of Technology, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ole Mallow
- Institute
for Water Quality, Resource and Waste Management, Vienna University of Technology, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Johannes Schenk
- Lehrstuhl
für Eisen- und Stahlmetallurgie, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz-Josef-Str. 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Helmut Rechberger
- Institute
for Water Quality, Resource and Waste Management, Vienna University of Technology, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Fellner
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Anthropogenic Resources, Institute for Water
Quality, Resource and Waste Management, Vienna University of Technology, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mallow O, Khanfar MA, Malischewski M, Finke P, Hesse M, Lork E, Augenstein T, Breher F, Harmer JR, Vasilieva NV, Zibarev A, Bogomyakov AS, Seppelt K, Beckmann J. Diaryldichalcogenide radical cations. Chem Sci 2015; 6:497-504. [PMID: 28936305 PMCID: PMC5588450 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc02964j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
One-electron oxidation of two series of diaryldichalcogenides (C6F5E)2 (13a-c) and (2,6-Mes2C6H3E)2 (16a-c) was studied (E = S, Se, Te). The reaction of 13a and 13b with AsF5 and SbF5 gave rise to the formation of thermally unstable radical cations [(C6F5S)2]˙+ (14a) and [(C6F5Se)2]˙+ (14b) that were isolated as [Sb2F11]- and [As2F11]- salts, respectively. The reaction of 13c with AsF5 afforded only the product of a Te-C bond cleavage, namely the previously known dication [Te4]2+ that was isolated as [AsF6]- salt. The reaction of (2,6-Mes2C6H3E)2 (16a-c) with [NO][SbF6] provided the corresponding radical cations [(2,6-Mes2C6H3E)2]˙+ (17a-c; E = S, Se, Te) in the form of thermally stable [SbF6]- salts in nearly quantitative yields. The electronic and structural properties of these radical cations were probed by X-ray diffraction analysis, EPR spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations and other methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ole Mallow
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Bremen , Leobener Straße , 28359 Bremen , Germany .
| | - Monther A Khanfar
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Fabeckstraße 34/36 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Jordan , Amman 11942 , Jordan
| | - Moritz Malischewski
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Fabeckstraße 34/36 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Pamela Finke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Bremen , Leobener Straße , 28359 Bremen , Germany .
| | - Malte Hesse
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Bremen , Leobener Straße , 28359 Bremen , Germany .
| | - Enno Lork
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Bremen , Leobener Straße , 28359 Bremen , Germany .
| | - Timo Augenstein
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Engesserstr. 15 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Frank Breher
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Engesserstr. 15 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Jeffrey R Harmer
- Centre for Advanced Imaging , University of Queensland , St Lucia , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Nadezhda V Vasilieva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Andrey Zibarev
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia
- Department of Physics , National Research University - Novosibirsk State University , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Artem S Bogomyakov
- International Tomography Centre , Russian Academy of Sciences , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Konrad Seppelt
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Fabeckstraße 34/36 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Bremen , Leobener Straße , 28359 Bremen , Germany .
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mallow O, Bolsinger J, Finke P, Hesse M, Chen YS, Duthie A, Grabowsky S, Luger P, Mebs S, Beckmann J. Oxygen Transfer from an Intramolecularly Coordinated Diaryltellurium Oxide to Acetonitrile. Formation and Combined AIM and ELI-D Analysis of a Novel Diaryltellurium Acetimidate. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:10870-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja505648x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ole Mallow
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Str., 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jens Bolsinger
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pamela Finke
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Str., 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Malte Hesse
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Str., 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yu-Sheng Chen
- ChemMatCARS,
Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Andrew Duthie
- School
of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds 3217, Australia
| | - Simon Grabowsky
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Peter Luger
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Str., 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Beckmann J, Bolsinger J, Duthie A, Finke P, Lork E, Lüdtke C, Mallow O, Mebs S. Mesityltellurenyl Cations Stabilized by Triphenylpnictogens [MesTe(EPh3)]+ (E = P, As, Sb). Inorg Chem 2012; 51:12395-406. [DOI: 10.1021/ic3017722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Beckmann
- Institut für
Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
- Institut für
Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Bolsinger
- Institut für
Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew Duthie
- School of Life and
Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds 3217, Australia
| | - Pamela Finke
- Institut für
Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
- Institut für
Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Enno Lork
- Institut für
Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Carsten Lüdtke
- Institut für
Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ole Mallow
- Institut für
Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
- Institut für
Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für
Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|