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Racusin JL, Karpov SV, Sokolowski M, Granot J, Wu XF, Pal’shin V, Covino S, van der Horst AJ, Oates SR, Schady P, Smith RJ, Cummings J, Starling RLC, Piotrowski LW, Zhang B, Evans PA, Holland ST, Malek K, Page MT, Vetere L, Margutti R, Guidorzi C, Kamble AP, Curran PA, Beardmore A, Kouveliotou C, Mankiewicz L, Melandri A, O’Brien PT, Page KL, Piran T, Tanvir NR, Wrochna G, Aptekar RL, Barthelmy S, Bartolini C, Beskin GM, Bondar S, Bremer M, Campana S, Castro-Tirado A, Cucchiara A, Cwiok M, D’Avanzo P, D’Elia V, Valle MD, de Ugarte Postigo A, Dominik W, Falcone A, Fiore F, Fox DB, Frederiks DD, Fruchter AS, Fugazza D, Garrett MA, Gehrels N, Golenetskii S, Gomboc A, Gorosabel J, Greco G, Guarnieri A, Immler S, Jelinek M, Kasprowicz G, La Parola V, Levan AJ, Mangano V, Mazets EP, Molinari E, Moretti A, Nawrocki K, Oleynik PP, Osborne JP, Pagani C, Pandey SB, Paragi Z, Perri M, Piccioni A, Ramirez-Ruiz E, Roming PWA, Steele IA, Strom RG, Testa V, Tosti G, Ulanov MV, Wiersema K, Wijers RAMJ, Winters JM, Zarnecki AF, Zerbi F, Mészáros P, Chincarini G, Burrows DN. Broadband observations of the naked-eye γ-ray burst GRB 080319B. Nature 2008; 455:183-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nature07270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gehrels N, Norris JP, Barthelmy SD, Granot J, Kaneko Y, Kouveliotou C, Markwardt CB, Mészáros P, Nakar E, Nousek JA, O'Brien PT, Page M, Palmer DM, Parsons AM, Roming PWA, Sakamoto T, Sarazin CL, Schady P, Stamatikos M, Woosley SE. A new gamma-ray burst classification scheme from GRB 060614. Nature 2007; 444:1044-6. [PMID: 17183315 DOI: 10.1038/nature05376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are known to come in two duration classes, separated at approximately 2 s. Long-duration bursts originate from star-forming regions in galaxies, have accompanying supernovae when these are near enough to observe and are probably caused by massive-star collapsars. Recent observations show that short-duration bursts originate in regions within their host galaxies that have lower star-formation rates, consistent with binary neutron star or neutron star-black hole mergers. Moreover, although their hosts are predominantly nearby galaxies, no supernovae have been so far associated with short-duration GRBs. Here we report that the bright, nearby GRB 060614 does not fit into either class. Its approximately 102-s duration groups it with long-duration GRBs, while its temporal lag and peak luminosity fall entirely within the short-duration GRB subclass. Moreover, very deep optical observations exclude an accompanying supernova, similar to short-duration GRBs. This combination of a long-duration event without an accompanying supernova poses a challenge to both the collapsar and the merging-neutron-star interpretations and opens the door to a new GRB classification scheme that straddles both long- and short-duration bursts.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gehrels
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA.
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Campana S, Mangano V, Blustin AJ, Brown P, Burrows DN, Chincarini G, Cummings JR, Cusumano G, Della Valle M, Malesani D, Mészáros P, Nousek JA, Page M, Sakamoto T, Waxman E, Zhang B, Dai ZG, Gehrels N, Immler S, Marshall FE, Mason KO, Moretti A, O'Brien PT, Osborne JP, Page KL, Romano P, Roming PWA, Tagliaferri G, Cominsky LR, Giommi P, Godet O, Kennea JA, Krimm H, Angelini L, Barthelmy SD, Boyd PT, Palmer DM, Wells AA, White NE. The association of GRB 060218 with a supernova and the evolution of the shock wave. Nature 2006; 442:1008-10. [PMID: 16943830 DOI: 10.1038/nature04892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 573] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although the link between long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and supernovae has been established, hitherto there have been no observations of the beginning of a supernova explosion and its intimate link to a GRB. In particular, we do not know how the jet that defines a gamma-ray burst emerges from the star's surface, nor how a GRB progenitor explodes. Here we report observations of the relatively nearby GRB 060218 (ref. 5) and its connection to supernova SN 2006aj (ref. 6). In addition to the classical non-thermal emission, GRB 060218 shows a thermal component in its X-ray spectrum, which cools and shifts into the optical/ultraviolet band as time passes. We interpret these features as arising from the break-out of a shock wave driven by a mildly relativistic shell into the dense wind surrounding the progenitor. We have caught a supernova in the act of exploding, directly observing the shock break-out, which indicates that the GRB progenitor was a Wolf-Rayet star.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Campana
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, via E. Bianchi 46, I-23807 Merate, LC, Italy.
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Cusumano G, Mangano V, Chincarini G, Panaitescu A, Burrows DN, La Parola V, Sakamoto T, Campana S, Mineo T, Tagliaferri G, Angelini L, Barthelemy SD, Beardmore AP, Boyd PT, Cominsky LR, Gronwall C, Fenimore EE, Gehrels N, Giommi P, Goad M, Hurley K, Kennea JA, Mason KO, Marshall F, Mészáros P, Nousek JA, Osborne JP, Palmer DM, Roming PWA, Wells A, White NE, Zhang B. Gamma-ray bursts: huge explosion in the early Universe. Nature 2006; 440:164. [PMID: 16525462 DOI: 10.1038/440164a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 11/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are bright flashes of high-energy photons that can last for tens of minutes; they are generally associated with galaxies that have a high rate of star formation and probably arise from the collapsing cores of massive stars, which produce highly relativistic jets (collapsar model). Here we describe gamma- and X-ray observations of the most distant GRB ever observed (GRB 050904): its redshift (z) of 6.29 means that this explosion happened 12.8 billion years ago, corresponding to a time when the Universe was just 890 million years old, close to the reionization era. This means that not only did stars form in this short period of time after the Big Bang, but also that enough time had elapsed for them to evolve and collapse into black holes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cusumano
- INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
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Gehrels N, Sarazin CL, O'Brien PT, Zhang B, Barbier L, Barthelmy SD, Blustin A, Burrows DN, Cannizzo J, Cummings JR, Goad M, Holland ST, Hurkett CP, Kennea JA, Levan A, Markwardt CB, Mason KO, Meszaros P, Page M, Palmer DM, Rol E, Sakamoto T, Willingale R, Angelini L, Beardmore A, Boyd PT, Breeveld A, Campana S, Chester MM, Chincarini G, Cominsky LR, Cusumano G, de Pasquale M, Fenimore EE, Giommi P, Gronwall C, Grupe D, Hill JE, Hinshaw D, Hjorth J, Hullinger D, Hurley KC, Klose S, Kobayashi S, Kouveliotou C, Krimm HA, Mangano V, Marshall FE, McGowan K, Moretti A, Mushotzky RF, Nakazawa K, Norris JP, Nousek JA, Osborne JP, Page K, Parsons AM, Patel S, Perri M, Poole T, Romano P, Roming PWA, Rosen S, Sato G, Schady P, Smale AP, Sollerman J, Starling R, Still M, Suzuki M, Tagliaferri G, Takahashi T, Tashiro M, Tueller J, Wells AA, White NE, Wijers RAMJ. A short γ-ray burst apparently associated with an elliptical galaxy at redshift z = 0.225. Nature 2005; 437:851-4. [PMID: 16208363 DOI: 10.1038/nature04142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) come in two classes: long (> 2 s), soft-spectrum bursts and short, hard events. Most progress has been made on understanding the long GRBs, which are typically observed at high redshift (z approximately 1) and found in subluminous star-forming host galaxies. They are likely to be produced in core-collapse explosions of massive stars. In contrast, no short GRB had been accurately (< 10'') and rapidly (minutes) located. Here we report the detection of the X-ray afterglow from--and the localization of--the short burst GRB 050509B. Its position on the sky is near a luminous, non-star-forming elliptical galaxy at a redshift of 0.225, which is the location one would expect if the origin of this GRB is through the merger of neutron-star or black-hole binaries. The X-ray afterglow was weak and faded below the detection limit within a few hours; no optical afterglow was detected to stringent limits, explaining the past difficulty in localizing short GRBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gehrels
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
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