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Ding SL, Royall JJ, Sunkin SM, Ng L, Facer BAC, Lesnar P, Guillozet-Bongaarts A, McMurray B, Szafer A, Dolbeare TA, Stevens A, Tirrell L, Benner T, Caldejon S, Dalley RA, Dee N, Lau C, Nyhus J, Reding M, Riley ZL, Sandman D, Shen E, van der Kouwe A, Varjabedian A, Wright M, Zöllei L, Dang C, Knowles JA, Koch C, Phillips JW, Sestan N, Wohnoutka P, Zielke HR, Hohmann JG, Jones AR, Bernard A, Hawrylycz MJ, Hof PR, Fischl B, Lein ES. Comprehensive cellular-resolution atlas of the adult human brain. J Comp Neurol 2017; 524:3127-481. [PMID: 27418273 PMCID: PMC5054943 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Detailed anatomical understanding of the human brain is essential for unraveling its functional architecture, yet current reference atlases have major limitations such as lack of whole‐brain coverage, relatively low image resolution, and sparse structural annotation. We present the first digital human brain atlas to incorporate neuroimaging, high‐resolution histology, and chemoarchitecture across a complete adult female brain, consisting of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI), and 1,356 large‐format cellular resolution (1 µm/pixel) Nissl and immunohistochemistry anatomical plates. The atlas is comprehensively annotated for 862 structures, including 117 white matter tracts and several novel cyto‐ and chemoarchitecturally defined structures, and these annotations were transferred onto the matching MRI dataset. Neocortical delineations were done for sulci, gyri, and modified Brodmann areas to link macroscopic anatomical and microscopic cytoarchitectural parcellations. Correlated neuroimaging and histological structural delineation allowed fine feature identification in MRI data and subsequent structural identification in MRI data from other brains. This interactive online digital atlas is integrated with existing Allen Institute for Brain Science gene expression atlases and is publicly accessible as a resource for the neuroscience community. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:3127–3481, 2016. © 2016 The Authors The Journal of Comparative Neurology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Lin Ding
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, 98109.
| | - Joshua J Royall
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | - Susan M Sunkin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | - Lydia Ng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | | | - Phil Lesnar
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | | | - Bergen McMurray
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | - Aaron Szafer
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | - Tim A Dolbeare
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | - Allison Stevens
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, 02129
| | - Lee Tirrell
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, 02129
| | - Thomas Benner
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, 02129
| | | | - Rachel A Dalley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | - Nick Dee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | - Christopher Lau
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | - Julie Nyhus
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | - Melissa Reding
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | - Zackery L Riley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | - David Sandman
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | - Elaine Shen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | - Andre van der Kouwe
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, 02129
| | - Ani Varjabedian
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, 02129
| | - Michelle Wright
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, 02129
| | - Lilla Zöllei
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, 02129
| | - Chinh Dang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | - James A Knowles
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033
| | - Christof Koch
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | - John W Phillips
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06510
| | - Paul Wohnoutka
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | - H Ronald Zielke
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - John G Hohmann
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | - Allan R Jones
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | - Amy Bernard
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | | | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 11029
| | - Bruce Fischl
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, 02129
| | - Ed S Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, 98109.
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Ding SL, Royall JJ, Sunkin SM, Ng L, Facer BAC, Lesnar P, Guillozet-Bongaarts A, McMurray B, Szafer A, Dolbeare TA, Stevens A, Tirrell L, Benner T, Caldejon S, Dalley RA, Dee N, Lau C, Nyhus J, Reding M, Riley ZL, Sandman D, Shen E, van der Kouwe A, Varjabedian A, Write M, Zollei L, Dang C, Knowles JA, Koch C, Phillips JW, Sestan N, Wohnoutka P, Zielke HR, Hohmann JG, Jones AR, Bernard A, Hawrylycz MJ, Hof PR, Fischl B, LeinReference ES. Comprehensive cellular-resolution atlas of the adult human brain. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:407. [PMID: 27917481 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ding SL, Royall JJ, Sunkin SM, Ng L, Facer BA, Lesnar P, Guillozet-Bongaarts A, McMurray B, Szafer A, Dolbeare TA, Stevens A, Tirrell L, Benner T, Caldejon S, Dalley RA, Dee N, Lau C, Nyhus J, Reding M, Riley ZL, Sandman D, Shen E, van der Kouwe A, Varjabedian A, Write M, Zollei L, Dang C, Knowles JA, Koch C, Phillips JW, Sestan N, Wohnoutka P, Zielke HR, Hohmann JG, Jones AR, Bernard A, Hawrylycz MJ, Hof PR, Fischl B, Lein ES. Comprehensive cellular-resolution atlas of the adult human brain. J Comp Neurol 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Song-Lin Ding
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle Washington 98109
| | | | | | - Lydia Ng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle Washington 98109
| | | | - Phil Lesnar
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle Washington 98109
| | | | | | - Aaron Szafer
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle Washington 98109
| | | | - Allison Stevens
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging; Massachusetts General Hospital; Charlestown Massachusetts 02129
| | - Lee Tirrell
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging; Massachusetts General Hospital; Charlestown Massachusetts 02129
| | - Thomas Benner
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging; Massachusetts General Hospital; Charlestown Massachusetts 02129
| | | | | | - Nick Dee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle Washington 98109
| | | | - Julie Nyhus
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle Washington 98109
| | - Melissa Reding
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle Washington 98109
| | | | - David Sandman
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle Washington 98109
| | - Elaine Shen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle Washington 98109
| | - Andre van der Kouwe
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging; Massachusetts General Hospital; Charlestown Massachusetts 02129
| | - Ani Varjabedian
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging; Massachusetts General Hospital; Charlestown Massachusetts 02129
| | - Michelle Write
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging; Massachusetts General Hospital; Charlestown Massachusetts 02129
| | - Lilla Zollei
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging; Massachusetts General Hospital; Charlestown Massachusetts 02129
| | - Chinh Dang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle Washington 98109
| | - James A. Knowles
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, and Department of Psychiatry; University of Southern California; Los Angeles California 90033
| | - Christof Koch
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle Washington 98109
| | | | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven Connecticut 06510
| | - Paul Wohnoutka
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle Washington 98109
| | - H. Ronald Zielke
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland 21201
| | | | - Allan R. Jones
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle Washington 98109
| | - Amy Bernard
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle Washington 98109
| | | | - Patrick R. Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York 11029
| | - Bruce Fischl
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging; Massachusetts General Hospital; Charlestown Massachusetts 02129
| | - Ed S. Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle Washington 98109
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4
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Bakken TE, Miller JA, Ding SL, Sunkin SM, Smith KA, Ng L, Szafer A, Dalley RA, Royall JJ, Lemon T, Shapouri S, Aiona K, Arnold J, Bennett JL, Bertagnolli D, Bickley K, Boe A, Brouner K, Butler S, Byrnes E, Caldejon S, Carey A, Cate S, Chapin M, Chen J, Dee N, Desta T, Dolbeare TA, Dotson N, Ebbert A, Fulfs E, Gee G, Gilbert TL, Goldy J, Gourley L, Gregor B, Gu G, Hall J, Haradon Z, Haynor DR, Hejazinia N, Hoerder-Suabedissen A, Howard R, Jochim J, Kinnunen M, Kriedberg A, Kuan CL, Lau C, Lee CK, Lee F, Luong L, Mastan N, May R, Melchor J, Mosqueda N, Mott E, Ngo K, Nyhus J, Oldre A, Olson E, Parente J, Parker PD, Parry S, Pendergraft J, Potekhina L, Reding M, Riley ZL, Roberts T, Rogers B, Roll K, Rosen D, Sandman D, Sarreal M, Shapovalova N, Shi S, Sjoquist N, Sodt AJ, Townsend R, Velasquez L, Wagley U, Wakeman WB, White C, Bennett C, Wu J, Young R, Youngstrom BL, Wohnoutka P, Gibbs RA, Rogers J, Hohmann JG, Hawrylycz MJ, Hevner RF, Molnár Z, Phillips JW, Dang C, Jones AR, Amaral DG, Bernard A, Lein ES. A comprehensive transcriptional map of primate brain development. Nature 2016; 535:367-75. [PMID: 27409810 PMCID: PMC5325728 DOI: 10.1038/nature18637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional underpinnings of brain development remain poorly understood, particularly in humans and closely related non-human primates. We describe a high-resolution transcriptional atlas of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) brain development that combines dense temporal sampling of prenatal and postnatal periods with fine anatomical division of cortical and subcortical regions associated with human neuropsychiatric disease. Gene expression changes more rapidly before birth, both in progenitor cells and maturing neurons. Cortical layers and areas acquire adult-like molecular profiles surprisingly late in postnatal development. Disparate cell populations exhibit distinct developmental timing of gene expression, but also unexpected synchrony of processes underlying neural circuit construction including cell projection and adhesion. Candidate risk genes for neurodevelopmental disorders including primary microcephaly, autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, and schizophrenia show disease-specific spatiotemporal enrichment within developing neocortex. Human developmental expression trajectories are more similar to monkey than rodent, although approximately 9% of genes show human-specific regulation with evidence for prolonged maturation or neoteny compared to monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trygve E Bakken
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Jeremy A Miller
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Song-Lin Ding
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Susan M Sunkin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Kimberly A Smith
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Lydia Ng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Aaron Szafer
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Rachel A Dalley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Joshua J Royall
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Tracy Lemon
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Sheila Shapouri
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Kaylynn Aiona
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - James Arnold
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Bennett
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, California National Primate Research Center, The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew Boe
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Krissy Brouner
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Stephanie Butler
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Emi Byrnes
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Shiella Caldejon
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Anita Carey
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Shelby Cate
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Mike Chapin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Jefferey Chen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Nick Dee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Tsega Desta
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Tim A Dolbeare
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Nadia Dotson
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Amanda Ebbert
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Erich Fulfs
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Garrett Gee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Terri L Gilbert
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Jeff Goldy
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Lindsey Gourley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Ben Gregor
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Guangyu Gu
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Jon Hall
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Zeb Haradon
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - David R Haynor
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Nika Hejazinia
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Anna Hoerder-Suabedissen
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Robert Howard
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Jay Jochim
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Marty Kinnunen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Ali Kriedberg
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Chihchau L Kuan
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Christopher Lau
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Chang-Kyu Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Felix Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Lon Luong
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Naveed Mastan
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Ryan May
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Jose Melchor
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Nerick Mosqueda
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Erika Mott
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Kiet Ngo
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Julie Nyhus
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Aaron Oldre
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Eric Olson
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Jody Parente
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Patrick D Parker
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Sheana Parry
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | | | - Lydia Potekhina
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Melissa Reding
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Zackery L Riley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Tyson Roberts
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Brandon Rogers
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Kate Roll
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - David Rosen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - David Sandman
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Melaine Sarreal
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | | | - Shu Shi
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Nathan Sjoquist
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Andy J Sodt
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Robbie Townsend
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | | | - Udi Wagley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Wayne B Wakeman
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Cassandra White
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Crissa Bennett
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Jennifer Wu
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Rob Young
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | | | - Paul Wohnoutka
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey Rogers
- Human Genome Sequencing Center and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - John G Hohmann
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | | | - Robert F Hevner
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - John W Phillips
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Chinh Dang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Allan R Jones
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - David G Amaral
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, California National Primate Research Center, The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | - Amy Bernard
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Ed S Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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5
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Thompson CL, Ng L, Menon V, Martinez S, Lee CK, Glattfelder K, Sunkin SM, Henry A, Lau C, Dang C, Garcia-Lopez R, Martinez-Ferre A, Pombero A, Rubenstein JLR, Wakeman WB, Hohmann J, Dee N, Sodt AJ, Young R, Smith K, Nguyen TN, Kidney J, Kuan L, Jeromin A, Kaykas A, Miller J, Page D, Orta G, Bernard A, Riley Z, Smith S, Wohnoutka P, Hawrylycz MJ, Puelles L, Jones AR. A high-resolution spatiotemporal atlas of gene expression of the developing mouse brain. Neuron 2014; 83:309-323. [PMID: 24952961 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To provide a temporal framework for the genoarchitecture of brain development, we generated in situ hybridization data for embryonic and postnatal mouse brain at seven developmental stages for ∼2,100 genes, which were processed with an automated informatics pipeline and manually annotated. This resource comprises 434,946 images, seven reference atlases, an ontogenetic ontology, and tools to explore coexpression of genes across neurodevelopment. Gene sets coinciding with developmental phenomena were identified. A temporal shift in the principles governing the molecular organization of the brain was detected, with transient neuromeric, plate-based organization of the brain present at E11.5 and E13.5. Finally, these data provided a transcription factor code that discriminates brain structures and identifies the developmental age of a tissue, providing a foundation for eventual genetic manipulation or tracking of specific brain structures over development. The resource is available as the Allen Developing Mouse Brain Atlas (http://developingmouse.brain-map.org).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lydia Ng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Vilas Menon
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Salvador Martinez
- Instituto de Neurociencias UMH-CSIC, A03550 Alicante, Spain; Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) and IMIB-Arrixaca of Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Chang-Kyu Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | | | - Susan M Sunkin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Alex Henry
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | | | - Chinh Dang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | | | | | - Ana Pombero
- Instituto de Neurociencias UMH-CSIC, A03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Rock Hall, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - John Hohmann
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Nick Dee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Andrew J Sodt
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Rob Young
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Kimberly Smith
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | | | - Jolene Kidney
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Leonard Kuan
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | | | - Ajamete Kaykas
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Jeremy Miller
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Damon Page
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Geri Orta
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Amy Bernard
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Zackery Riley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Simon Smith
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Paul Wohnoutka
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | | | - Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, University of Murcia, E30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Allan R Jones
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
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Miller JA, Ding SL, Sunkin SM, Smith KA, Ng L, Szafer A, Ebbert A, Riley ZL, Royall JJ, Aiona K, Arnold JM, Bennet C, Bertagnolli D, Brouner K, Butler S, Caldejon S, Carey A, Cuhaciyan C, Dalley RA, Dee N, Dolbeare TA, Facer BAC, Feng D, Fliss TP, Gee G, Goldy J, Gourley L, Gregor BW, Gu G, Howard RE, Jochim JM, Kuan CL, Lau C, Lee CK, Lee F, Lemon TA, Lesnar P, McMurray B, Mastan N, Mosqueda N, Naluai-Cecchini T, Ngo NK, Nyhus J, Oldre A, Olson E, Parente J, Parker PD, Parry SE, Stevens A, Pletikos M, Reding M, Roll K, Sandman D, Sarreal M, Shapouri S, Shapovalova NV, Shen EH, Sjoquist N, Slaughterbeck CR, Smith M, Sodt AJ, Williams D, Zöllei L, Fischl B, Gerstein MB, Geschwind DH, Glass IA, Hawrylycz MJ, Hevner RF, Huang H, Jones AR, Knowles JA, Levitt P, Phillips JW, Sestan N, Wohnoutka P, Dang C, Bernard A, Hohmann JG, Lein ES. Transcriptional landscape of the prenatal human brain. Nature 2014; 508:199-206. [PMID: 24695229 PMCID: PMC4105188 DOI: 10.1038/nature13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 842] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The anatomical and functional architecture of the human brain is largely determined by prenatal transcriptional processes. We describe an anatomically comprehensive atlas of mid-gestational human brain, including de novo reference atlases, in situ hybridization, ultra-high resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and microarray analysis on highly discrete laser microdissected brain regions. In developing cerebral cortex, transcriptional differences are found between different proliferative and postmitotic layers, wherein laminar signatures reflect cellular composition and developmental processes. Cytoarchitectural differences between human and mouse have molecular correlates, including species differences in gene expression in subplate, although surprisingly we find minimal differences between the inner and human-expanded outer subventricular zones. Both germinal and postmitotic cortical layers exhibit fronto-temporal gradients, with particular enrichment in frontal lobe. Finally, many neurodevelopmental disorder and human evolution-related genes show patterned expression, potentially underlying unique features of human cortical formation. These data provide a rich, freely-accessible resource for understanding human brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Miller
- 1] Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA [2]
| | - Song-Lin Ding
- 1] Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA [2]
| | - Susan M Sunkin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Kimberly A Smith
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Lydia Ng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Aaron Szafer
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Amanda Ebbert
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Zackery L Riley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Joshua J Royall
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Kaylynn Aiona
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - James M Arnold
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Crissa Bennet
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | | | - Krissy Brouner
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Stephanie Butler
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Shiella Caldejon
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Anita Carey
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | | | - Rachel A Dalley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Nick Dee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Tim A Dolbeare
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | | | - David Feng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Tim P Fliss
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Garrett Gee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Jeff Goldy
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Lindsey Gourley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | | | - Guangyu Gu
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Robert E Howard
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Jayson M Jochim
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Chihchau L Kuan
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Christopher Lau
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Chang-Kyu Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Felix Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Tracy A Lemon
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Phil Lesnar
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Bergen McMurray
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Naveed Mastan
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Nerick Mosqueda
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Theresa Naluai-Cecchini
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 1959 North East Pacific Street, Box 356320, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Nhan-Kiet Ngo
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Julie Nyhus
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Aaron Oldre
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Eric Olson
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Jody Parente
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Patrick D Parker
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Sheana E Parry
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Allison Stevens
- 1] Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA [2] Computer Science and AI Lab, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Mihovil Pletikos
- Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Melissa Reding
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Kate Roll
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - David Sandman
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Melaine Sarreal
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Sheila Shapouri
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | | | - Elaine H Shen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Nathan Sjoquist
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | | | - Michael Smith
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Andy J Sodt
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Derric Williams
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Lilla Zöllei
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Bruce Fischl
- 1] Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA [2] Computer Science and AI Lab, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Mark B Gerstein
- 1] Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2] Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology and Semel Institute David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Ian A Glass
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 1959 North East Pacific Street, Box 356320, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | | | - Robert F Hevner
- 1] Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA [2] Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
| | - Hao Huang
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Allan R Jones
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - James A Knowles
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Pat Levitt
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA [2] Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - John W Phillips
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Paul Wohnoutka
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Chinh Dang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Amy Bernard
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - John G Hohmann
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Ed S Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
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Hawrylycz MJ, Lein ES, Guillozet-Bongaarts AL, Shen EH, Ng L, Miller JA, van de Lagemaat LN, Smith KA, Ebbert A, Riley ZL, Abajian C, Beckmann CF, Bernard A, Bertagnolli D, Boe AF, Cartagena PM, Chakravarty MM, Chapin M, Chong J, Dalley RA, David Daly B, Dang C, Datta S, Dee N, Dolbeare TA, Faber V, Feng D, Fowler DR, Goldy J, Gregor BW, Haradon Z, Haynor DR, Hohmann JG, Horvath S, Howard RE, Jeromin A, Jochim JM, Kinnunen M, Lau C, Lazarz ET, Lee C, Lemon TA, Li L, Li Y, Morris JA, Overly CC, Parker PD, Parry SE, Reding M, Royall JJ, Schulkin J, Sequeira PA, Slaughterbeck CR, Smith SC, Sodt AJ, Sunkin SM, Swanson BE, Vawter MP, Williams D, Wohnoutka P, Zielke HR, Geschwind DH, Hof PR, Smith SM, Koch C, Grant SGN, Jones AR. An anatomically comprehensive atlas of the adult human brain transcriptome. Nature 2012; 489:391-399. [PMID: 22996553 DOI: 10.1038/nature11405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1696] [Impact Index Per Article: 141.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroanatomically precise, genome-wide maps of transcript distributions are critical resources to complement genomic sequence data and to correlate functional and genetic brain architecture. Here we describe the generation and analysis of a transcriptional atlas of the adult human brain, comprising extensive histological analysis and comprehensive microarray profiling of ∼900 neuroanatomically precise subdivisions in two individuals. Transcriptional regulation varies enormously by anatomical location, with different regions and their constituent cell types displaying robust molecular signatures that are highly conserved between individuals. Analysis of differential gene expression and gene co-expression relationships demonstrates that brain-wide variation strongly reflects the distributions of major cell classes such as neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia. Local neighbourhood relationships between fine anatomical subdivisions are associated with discrete neuronal subtypes and genes involved with synaptic transmission. The neocortex displays a relatively homogeneous transcriptional pattern, but with distinct features associated selectively with primary sensorimotor cortices and with enriched frontal lobe expression. Notably, the spatial topography of the neocortex is strongly reflected in its molecular topography-the closer two cortical regions, the more similar their transcriptomes. This freely accessible online data resource forms a high-resolution transcriptional baseline for neurogenetic studies of normal and abnormal human brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ed S Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | | | - Elaine H Shen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Lydia Ng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Jeremy A Miller
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | | | - Kimberly A Smith
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Amanda Ebbert
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Zackery L Riley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Chris Abajian
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Christian F Beckmann
- MIRA Institute, University of Twente & Donders Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Amy Bernard
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | | | - Andrew F Boe
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Preston M Cartagena
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - M Mallar Chakravarty
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA; Kimel Family Translational Imaging-Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S1, Canada
| | - Mike Chapin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Jimmy Chong
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Rachel A Dalley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Barry David Daly
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Chinh Dang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Suvro Datta
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Nick Dee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Tim A Dolbeare
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Vance Faber
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - David Feng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - David R Fowler
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Jeff Goldy
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | | | - Zeb Haradon
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - David R Haynor
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - John G Hohmann
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, Gonda Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Robert E Howard
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | | | - Jayson M Jochim
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Marty Kinnunen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Christopher Lau
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Evan T Lazarz
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Changkyu Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Tracy A Lemon
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Baltimore, MD, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - John A Morris
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | | | - Patrick D Parker
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Sheana E Parry
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Melissa Reding
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Joshua J Royall
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Jay Schulkin
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, School of Medicine, Washington DC 20007, USA
| | - Pedro Adolfo Sequeira
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | | | | | - Andy J Sodt
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Susan M Sunkin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Beryl E Swanson
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Marquis P Vawter
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Derric Williams
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Paul Wohnoutka
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - H Ronald Zielke
- The Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD Brain and Tissue Bank for Developmental Disorders, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology and Department of Human Genetics, and Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine-UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | | | - Christof Koch
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA; Computation & Neural Systems, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Seth G N Grant
- Genes to Cognition Programme, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Allan R Jones
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
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