SANITASI ALERGEN PADA PROSES PRODUKSI BISKUIT DALAM UPAYA MENGURANGI RESIDU ALERGEN TELUR

Food allergy is a hypersensitive response to food, generally protein, triggered by body immune system. These responses can be mild, however in very rare cases may cause severe reactions and life threatening known as called anaphylaxis. Food allergy has been one of the main factors for product recall. It can happen due to many reasons, such as product package labeling fault, raw material labeling fault and cross contamination. Validation of the effectiveness of cleaning and sanitation process become a critical point to minimize cross contamination. This study aimed to determine the optimum chemical concentration and contact time to eliminate egg residue in biscuit production cleaning process, obtain valid and verified cleaning procedures, and produce cleaning procedures that can be implemented in a production line. The result showed that physical cleaning/pre-cleaning for 30 minute and using 1% (v/v) concentration of caustic based polybrite chemical cleaning for 3-minute contact time can effectively eliminate the egg residue on stainless steel and polyurethane surface equipment. Food contact surface material and product characteristics (wet dough, dry biscuit) affected the number of egg residue on the equipment. Packing area with food contact surface equipment made from stainless steel is not considered critical area for allergen sanitation. It is shown that prior to sanitation process, analysis of egg allergen residue has already given negative result. Validation process can prove the effectiveness of allergen sanitation process to prevent potential egg allergen cross contamination in biscuit production.

Screening of In-Vitro Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity of Sargassum ilicifolium Crude Lipid Extracts from Different Coastal Areas in Indonesia

Sargassum brown seaweed is reported to exhibit several biological activities which promote human health, such as anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of crude lipid extracts of Sargassum ilicifolium obtained from four different coastal areas in Indonesia, namely Awur Bay-Jepara (AB), Pari Island-Seribu Islands (PI), Sayang Heulang Beach-Garut (SHB), and Ujung Genteng Beach-Sukabumi (UGB). Results showed that treatment of RAW 264.7 macrophage cells with UGB and AB crude lipid extracts (12.5-50 µg/mL) significantly suppressed the nitric oxide production after lipopolysaccharide stimulation, both in pre-incubated and co-incubated cell culture model. The anti-inflammatory effect was most marked in the pre-incubated cell culture model. Both two crude lipid extracts showed 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and high ferric reducing antioxidant power, which were amounted to 36.93-37.87 µmol Trolox equivalent/g lipid extract and 681.58-969.81 µmol FeSO4/g lipid extract, respectively. From this study, we can conclude that crude lipid extract of tropical S. ilicifolium can be further developed as a source of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent.

Molecular analysis of a fibrin-degrading enzyme from Bacillus subtilis K2 isolated from the Indonesian soybean-based fermented food moromi

The screening of proteolytic and fibrinolytic bacteria from moromi (an Indonesian soybean-based fermented food) yielded a number of isolates. Based on morphological and biochemical analyses and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, the isolate that exhibited the highest proteolytic and fibrinolytic activity was identified as Bacillus subtilis K2. The study was performed to analyze molecular characteristic of a fibrin-degrading enzyme from B. subtilis K2. BLASTn analysis of the nucleotide sequence encoding this fibrinolytic protein demonstrated 73.6% homology with the gene encoding the fibrin-degrading enzyme nattokinase of the B. subtilis subsp. natto, which was isolated from fermented soybean in Japan. An analysis of the putative amino-acid sequence of this protein indicated that it is a serine protease enzyme with aspartate, histidine, and serine in the catalytic triad. This enzyme was determined to be a 26-kDa molecule, as confirmed with a zymogram assay. Further bioinformatic analysis using Protparam demonstrated that the enzyme has a pI of 6.02, low instability index, high aliphatic index, and low GRAVY value. Molecular docking analysis using HADDOCK indicated that there are favorable interactions between subtilisin K2 and the fibrin substrate, as demonstrated by a high binding affinity (ΔG: - 19.4 kcal/mol) and low Kd value (6.3E-15 M). Overall, the study concluded that subtilisin K2 belong to serine protease enzyme has strong interactions with its fibrin substrate and fibrin can be rapidly degraded by this enzyme, suggesting its application as a treatment for thrombus diseases.

In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity, free radical (DPPH) scavenging, and ferric reducing ability (FRAP) of Sargassum cristaefolium lipid-soluble fraction and putative identification of bioactive compounds using UHPLC-ESI-ORBITRAP-MS/MS

Sargassum brown seaweed is well-known to contain several bioactive compounds which exhibit various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Lipophilic extracts and fractions of Sargassum were reported to possess promising anti-inflammatory activity. This study, therefore, aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of Sargassum cristaefolium crude lipid extract and its fractions. The brown seaweed was obtained from Awur Bay, Jepara - Indonesia. Crude lipid fractionation was performed using normal phase column chromatography, and three different fractions (dichloromethane, acetone, methanol) were produced. The results showed that treatment of acetone fraction exerted strongest nitric oxide inhibition in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells, both in pre-incubated and co-incubated cell culture models. This outcome was in accordance with its 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Metabolite profiling of lipid fractions was performed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry, while the orthogonal projection to latent structures analysis was conducted to determine some features with significant correlation to the bioactivity. There were 14 feature candidates considered from both positive and negative ionization mode datasets. Seven out of them were putatively identified as pheophytin a (1), all-trans fucoxanthin (2), 132-hydroxy-pheophytin a (3), pheophorbide a (4), 1-hexadecanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-3-O-β-D-galactosyl-sn-glycerol (6), 1-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosapentaenoyl)-2-(9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl)-3-O-β-D-galactosyl-sn-glycerol (10), and 1-(9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl)-2-(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatetraenoyl)-3-O-β-D-galactosyl-sn glycerol (12).

The Effect of Liver Hydrolysate on Chronic Ethanol-Induced Hepatic Injury in Normal Rats

The mechanism underlying the improvement in hepatic function by liver hydrolysate (LH) after ethanol-induced hepatic injury is unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of LH administration on chronic ethanol-induced hepatic injury in normal rats and the mechanism underlying the improvement of its symptoms by LH. LH attenuated liver damage and reduced oxidative stress after chronic ethanol-induced hepatic injury in normal rats. LH treatment reduced hepatic injury biomarkers of plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). LH treatment also decreased levels of 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as oxidative stress marker. LH may prove beneficial to prevent the liver damage of chronic ethanol, at least in part, by alleviating oxidative stress.

Sargassum Seaweed as a Source of Anti-Inflammatory Substances and the Potential Insight of the Tropical Species: A Review

Sargassum is recognized both empirically and scientifically as a potential anti-inflammatory agent. Inflammation is an important response in the body that helps to overcome various challenges to body homeostasis such as microbial infections, tissue stress, and certain injuries. Excessive and uncontrolled inflammatory conditions can affect the pathogenesis of various diseases. This review aims to explore the potential of Sargassum's anti-inflammatory activity, not only in crude extracts but also in sulfated polysaccharides and purified compounds. The tropical region has a promising availability of Sargassum biomass because its climate allows for the optimal growth of seaweed throughout the year. This is important for its commercial utilization as functional ingredients for both food and non-food applications. To the best of our knowledge, studies related to Sargassum's anti-inflammatory activity are still dominated by subtropical species. Studies on tropical Sargassum are mainly focused on the polysaccharides group, though there are some other potentially bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, terpenoids, fucoxanthin, fatty acids and their derivatives, typical polar lipids, and other groups. Information on the modulation mechanism of Sargassum's bioactive compounds on the inflammatory response is also discussed here, but specific mechanisms related to the interaction between bioactive compounds and targets in cells still need to be further studied.

Processed and ultraprocessed food consumption pattern in the Jakarta Individual Food Consumption Survey 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Dietary patterns are undergoing a major shift worldwide. This study analysed the consumption of processed and ultraprocessed foods in Jakarta and its contribution to the energy and nutrient intake based on the Individual Food Consumption Survey 2014.

METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN

Food consumption data were based on 24-hour dietary recall. Foods were grouped into four food groups: nonprocessed foods, processed ingredients, processed foods, and ultraprocessed foods and subsequently categorised according to the Indonesian Food Category System. Energy and nutrient intake were calculated using Nutrisurvey 2007 software.

RESULTS

Nonprocessed food, processed ingredient, processed food, and ultraprocessed food consumption contributed to 57.2%, 21.6%, 1.7%, and 19.5% of total weight consumption, respectively. Ultraprocessed foods contributed to 15.7%, 16.7%, 14.2%, 12.6%, 18.4%, and 31.3% of daily energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, sodium, and sucrose intake, respectively, and the respective contributions of nonprocessed foods were 52.2%, 58.7%, 65.8%, 32.6%, 7.9%, and 11.1%; of processed ingredients were 30.0%, 22.7%, 16.4%, 53.6%, 68.9%, and 57.6%; and of processed foods were 2.1%, 2.0%, 3.6%, 1.2%, 4.8%, and 0%. Linear regression analysis between the amount of food consumption and nutrient intake showed that at the same weight consumption, processed ingredients provided a higher intake of energy, fat, sodium, and sucrose than the other food groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Processed and ultraprocessed foods still have a lower contribution to energy and nutrient intake in Jakarta than nonprocessed foods and processed ingredients.

Profil Dan Sensitivitas Protein Alergen Ikan Tongkol (Thunnus albacares) Sebagai Reagen Skin Prick Test (SPT)

Ikan tongkol merupakan salah satu produk laut penyebab alergi makanan. Gejala klinis reaksi alergi makanan adalah gatal, bentol, bengkak, sesak nafas, batuk, dan yang terparah adalah syok anafilaksis. Pengobatan dan pencegahan alergi makanan yang terbaik adalah menghindari konsumsi penyebab alergi. Menghindari konsumsi suatu makanan sebaiknya berdasarkan uji alergi seperti Skin Prick Test (SPT). SPT dilakukan menggunakan reagen SPT yang dicukitkan pada lapisan epidermis kulit lengan bagian volar. Reagen alergen pada penelitian ini merupakan protein ikan tongkol yang berasal dari laut Indonesia dan diekstrak dengan buffer fosfat, Profil ekstrak protein menggunakan elektroforesis dan immunoblotting untuk menentukan protein allergen. Sebanyak 15 pita protein terdeteksi pada ekstrak ikan tongkol yaitu protein dengan berat molekul antara 17 sampai 152 kDa. Potensi alergenik terdapat pada pita protein dengan berat molekul antara 12 sampai 50 kDa. Reagen SPT ikan tongkol mempunyai sensitivitas sebesar 81.8% dan spesifitas 100% sehingga disimpulkan bahwa reagen ekstrak ikan tongkol dapat digunakan sebagai reagen skin prick test Kata kunci: Alergi, protein, tongkol, gejala klinis, skin prick test   Tuna fish is one of the marine products that can cause allergic. Clinical symptoms of allergic are a bump, swelling, shortness of breath, coughing and anaphylactic shock is the worst symptom. The best medication and treatment is avoiding the consumption of food that could cause allergy. Avoiding consumption of food should be based on an allergy test such as a Skin Prick Test (SPT). SPT using reagent which is applied on the skin of the forearm between the wrist and elbow. The reagent for SPT is a protein solution of tuna which was extracted by phosphate buffer then protein profile was detected using electrophoresis. Immunoblotting was done to determine the molecular weight of the allergen protein. Fifteen protein bands were detected on tuna fish extract; the molecular weight of the protein was obtained between 17 to 152 kDa. Protein allergenic are molecules that have protein bands with a molecular weight between 12 and 50 kDa. Tuna fish extract solution for SPT had a sensitivity is 81.8%, and specificity is 100%, it was concluded that tuna fish reagent could be used as SPT reagent. Keywords: Allergen, protein, tuna fish, skin prick test.

Critical roasting level determines bioactive content and antioxidant activity of Robusta coffee beans

Indonesian Lampung Robusta coffee green beans were roasted at eight roasting levels (green bean, early yellow, brown, 1st crack done, very light, light, medium, and dark), followed by grinding and brewing. The physical properties of ground coffee and chemical properties of brewed coffee were analyzed. The resulting data were mapped in order to investigate the critical roasting level. It was observed that major alterations for physicochemical properties of coffee happened after "first crack" roasting level (when water activity (Aw) of bean decreased from 0.22 to 0.15). This cracking is defined as popping sound of the bean during roasting. Continuous formation of melanoidins under low Aw (< 0.15) was followed by slow degradation of chlorogenic acid (5-CQA) and total phenolic compounds. Caffeine was stable during roasting, while antioxidant activity slightly decreased. The "first crack" was determined to be the critical roasting level to produce roasted coffee beans containing high concentrations of phenolics.

HPLC-based metabolomics to identify cytotoxic compounds from Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng against human breast cancer MCF-7Cells

The objective of this study was to identify the active compounds in Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng which play a role to inhibit viability of breast cancer MCF-7 cells using HPLC-based metabolomics approach. Five fractions of the plant extract were observed including ethanol, hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and water fraction. There were 45 HPLC chromatograms resulted from 5 fractions with 3 replications and 3 wavelengths detection. The chromatograms were compared to the data of IC₅₀ from MTT assay of each fraction against human breast cancer MCF-7 cells using metabolomics. The OPLS analysis result promptly pointed towards a chloroform fraction at retention time of 40.16-41.28min that has the greatest contribution to the cytotoxic activity. The data of mass spectra indicated that an abietane diterpene namely 7-acetoxy-6-hydroxyroyleanone was the main compound that contributed to the cytotoxic activity. This metabolomics application method can be used as a quick preliminary guideline to uncover the most dominant compound related to the bioactivity.