Mitochondrial DNA revealed the extent of genetic diversity and invasion origin of populations from two separate invaded areas of a newly invasive pest, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in China

Cydia pomonella is a serious invasive insect pest in China, and has caused severe damage to the production of apple and pear in its invaded areas. This species is distributing in the northwest and northeast of China, but no occurrence of it has been recorded in the large areas (about 3000-5000 km away) between the invaded northwestern and northeastern regions despite continuous monitoring. As yet the genetic diversity and invasion origin of the C. pomonella populations in Northwestern and Northeastern China is obscure. In this study, we investigate the genetic diversity of 14 populations of C. pomonella sampled throughout the main distribution regions in Northwestern (Xinjiang and Gansu Provinces) and Northeastern (Heilongjiang Province) China and compared them with nine populations from Europe and other continents using the mitochondrial COI, COII and Cytb genes. Both the populations from Northeastern and Northwestern China shared some haplotypes with populations from other countries. Haplotypes of the three mitochondrial genes had a different distribution in Northeastern and Northwestern China. The northeastern populations had more private haplotypes than the northwestern populations. A large number of the individuals from northwestern populations shared a few haplotypes of each of the three genes. The haplotype numbers and haplotype diversities of the northeastern populations were similar to those of field populations in other countries, but were higher than those of the northwestern populations. Populations from the Northwestern China showed similar haplotype number and haplotype diversity. We conclude that the population genetic background of C. pomonella populations in Northeastern and Northwestern China varies due to different invasion sources and that this should be considered before the application of new pest control tactics.

Absorption spectra of the 4f electron transitions of the praseodymium complex with 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-7-(4-ethyl-1-piperazinyl) -4-oxo-3-quinoline carboxylic acid hydrochloride and its analytical application

The absorption spectra of the praseodymium complex with 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-7-(4-ethyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-3- quinoline carboxylic acid hydrochloride (NNFX) has been studied by normal and derivative spectrophotometry. The complex showed maximum absorption at 350 nm at pH 6.0. The stoichiometry of the Pr-NNFX complex was calculated by the molar ratio and continuous variation methods. The ratio of Pr to NNFX was 1:3. The absorption bands of the 4f electron transitions of the praseodymium complex with NNFX are enhanced markedly, especially the wavelength at 481 nm. Using the third-derivative spectrum, the calibration graph is linear over the range 2.5 x 10(-5)-3.5 x 10(-4) mol dm-3 for praseodymium. The detection limits (signal-to-noise ratio of 2) is 1.4 x 10(-6) mol dm-3. The relative standard deviation is 1.2% for 7.0 x 10(-5) mol dm-3 of praseodymium. A method for the direct determination of praseodymium in rare earth mixtures with good accuracy and selectivity is described.

[Identification of deer's foetus and its mixed drugs and flase drugs]

In this paper, the traditional Chinese Materia Medicas--the foetuses of sika deer, red deer and the one of sheep and OX are compared and identified on characters and dissecting characteristices. The comparion and identification table about charaeters and commodity shape drawings is attached.

[Character and UV spectral identification of deer's heart]

In this paper, the fresh and dried hearts of Cervus nippon and C. elaphus are identified on character, fluorescence and UV spectra. The alcohol extract of the blood of the deer's hearts has mininum absorption at UV 310 nm.

[Determination of pharmacokinetic parameters of shandahuang xiaoyan zhixue capsules]

Based on residual accumulation and biophase availability principles and using animal death rate as index, determination has been carried out of the residual accumulation rate as well as the toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic parameters at different times of the Shandahuang Xiaoyan Zhixue Capsules.