Biocompatibility of Antifogging SiO-doped Diamond-Like Carbon Laparoscope Coatings

Laparoscopes can suffer from fogging and contamination difficulties, resulting in a reduced field of view during surgery. A series of diamond-like carbon films, doped with SiO, were produced by pulsed laser deposition for evaluation as biocompatible, antifogging coatings. DLC films doped with SiO demonstrated hydrophilic properties with water contact angles under 40°. Samples subjected to plasma cleaning had improved contact angle results, with values under 5°. Doping the DLC films with SiO led to an average 40% decrease in modulus and 60% decrease in hardness. Hardness of the doped films, 12.0 - 13.2 GPa, was greater than that of the uncoated fused silica substrate, 9.2 GPa. The biocompatibility was assessed through CellTiter-Glo assays, with the films demonstrating statistically similar levels of cell viability when compared to the control media. The absence of ATP released by blood platelets in contact with the DLC coatings suggests in vivo hemocompatibility. The SiO doped films displayed improved transparency levels in comparison to undoped films, achieving up to an average of 80% transmission over the visible spectrum and an attenuation coefficient of 1.1 × 10⁴ cm^-1 at the 450 nm wavelength. The SiO doped DLC films show promise as a method of fog prevention for laparoscopes.

Snakebite deaths in Australia 1992-1994 and a management update

Twelve deaths attributed to snakebite were reported in 1992-1994. Eight of the victims were males, and brown snakes (genus Pseudonaja) were involved in six of the deaths. Deaths caused by brown snakes were often sudden and unexpected, and autopsy findings were usually unremarkable. In no case was prompt effective first aid applied. The importance of appropriate first aid is emphasised and an update on management presented.

Meteorite organics in planetary environments: hydrothermal release, surface activity, and microbial utilization

Up to 50% of the organics in the Murchison meteorite, possibly including some of the polymer, is released in high temperature and pressure aqueous environments, to 350 degrees C and 250 bar, that simulate submarine volcanic, hydrothermal or impact-induced conditions. Meteorite organics of prebiotic significance, such as nonanoic acid, glycine, and pyrene survive the hydrothermal conditions. The released material is surface active with surface pressures up to 19.8 x 10(-3) N m-1, and exhibits an extended surface tension isotherm which suggests a mixture of amphiphilic components. One component, nonanoic acid, is shown to form vesicles. The materials extracted under mild conditions, at 120 degrees C, are nutrients for the humic acid bacterium Pseudomonas maltophilia and efficient nutrients for the oligotroph Flavobacterium oryzihabitans, demonstrating the capability of microorganisms to metabolize extraterrestrial organics.

Nursing education: developing specification equations for selection and retention

Because nursing is a professional area in which costs continue to rise faster than in other academic areas, it is imperative to provide quality education that is within the financial reach of those students who can benefit from it. This study sought to develop a specification equation that could be used to predict retention in the academic area and workplace.

Self-concept and attraction for similar and dissimilar others

The present study investigated the role of self-concept as a moderator of the similarity-attraction relationship described by Byrne. Subjects conducted face-to-face interviews with confederates who played roles as job applicants. Similarity-dissimilarity was manipulated by the confederate roles as well as by the information given the subjects in accordance with the procedures described by Byrne. The hypothesis was tested and confirmed that persons with favorable self-concepts would be more attracted to others with similar attitudes than to others with dissimilar attitudes. Persons with negative self-concepts did not show a preference for similar others. It was suggested that earlier studies in this area suffered from methodological flaws and did not constitute an adequate test of the hypothesis. Suggestions for future work in the area were given.

Measurements of Small Signal Absorption at High Temperature for the 001-100 Band of CO(2)

Measurements have been made of the small signal absorption of CO(2) laser radiation by pure heated carbon dioxide at temperatures up to 615 K. Measurements were made of the P12 through P26 lines in the 001-100 absorption band. The absorption was higher on all lines measured than is predicted assuming no contribution from other lines. The absorption is predicted, however, when account is taken of contributions due to the 01(1)1-11(1)0 band.

An X-Ray Study of the Progressive Changes in the Lungs and Aorta in Tuberculosis with Syphilis

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