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Clayton HM, Dyson S, Harris P, van Weeren R, Bondi A. Science-in-brief: Horse, rider, saddlery interactions: Welfare and performance. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:280-282. [PMID: 30950559 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H M Clayton
- Sport Horse Science, LC, Mason, Michigan, USA
| | - S Dyson
- Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | - P Harris
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, UK
| | - R van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - A Bondi
- Saddle Research Trust, the Old Barns Worksop, Derbyshire, UK
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Byström A, Roepstorff L, Rhodin M, Serra Bragança F, Engell MT, Hernlund E, Persson-Sjödin E, van Weeren R, Weishaupt MA, Egenvall A. Lateral movement of the saddle relative to the equine spine in rising and sitting trot on a treadmill. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200534. [PMID: 30020982 PMCID: PMC6051618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Saddle slip, defined as a progressive lateral displacement of the saddle during ridden exercise, has recently been given attention in the scientific press as a potential sign of lameness. The aim of this study was to objectively quantify the normal lateral movement (oscillations) of the saddle relative to the horse in non-lame horses, and associate this movement to the movements of the horse and rider. Data from seven Warmblood dressage horses competing at Grand Prix (n = 6) or FEI Intermediate (n = 1) level, ridden by their usual riders, were used. Simultaneous kinetic, kinematic and saddle pressure measurements were conducted during sitting and rising trot on a force-measuring treadmill. The maximum lateral movement of the caudal part of the saddle relative to the horse's spine (MAX) was determined for each diagonal step. A mixed model was applied, with MAX as outcome, and T6 and S3 vertical position, rigid body rotation angles (roll, pitch, yaw) of the horse’s and rider’s pelvis, vertical ground reaction forces, saddle force, and rider position (rising in rising trot, sitting in rising trot or sitting in sitting trot) as explanatory variables. The least square means for MAX were 14.3 (SE 4.7) mm and 23.9 (SE 4.7) mm for rising and sitting in rising trot, and 20.3 (SE 4.7) mm for sitting trot. A 10 mm increase in maximum pelvic height at push off increased MAX by 1.4 mm (p<0.0001). One degree increase in rider pelvis roll decreased MAX 1.1 mm, and one degree increase in rider pelvis yaw increased MAX 0.7 mm (both p<0.0001). The linear relationships found between MAX and movements of both horse and rider implies that both horse and rider movement asymmetries are reflected in the lateral movements or oscillations of the saddle in non-lame horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Byström
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - L. Roepstorff
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M. Rhodin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - F. Serra Bragança
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M. T. Engell
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E. Hernlund
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E. Persson-Sjödin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R. van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M. A. Weishaupt
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A. Egenvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
Riders generally use reins as a means for communication with the horse. At present, the signalling pattern is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to illustrate and analyse the rein tension patterns in a number of rider/horse combinations across a variety of exercises in the canter gait. Our hypothesis was that some riders will follow the movement of the horse more closely than others. Data were collected from eight professional riders riding each three (in one case two) horses that were familiar to them in canter. Horses were instrumented with rein tension meters logged by inertial measurement unit technique (IMU). Inside and outside rein tension data were synchronised with the gait using the vertical acceleration IMU-signal at the poll. Stride-split data (0-100 percentages) were analysed using mixed models technique to elucidate the inside/outside and stride percentage interaction, taking into account the exercises performed. In general, tension was maximal just before the beginning of vertical stance, as defined by the maximal acceleration of the head, with the release closer to the suspension phase. The release was significantly more marked on the outside rein, but between riders and horses the pattern varied substantially. In total 26% of the variation was represented by riders and 21% by the horses. On average there were significant inside/outside rein differences, but at the same time in some horse/rider combinations these differences did not exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Egenvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M. Eisersiö
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M. Rhodin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R. van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - L. Roepstorff
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Unit of Equine Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7046, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Jenner F, van Osch GJVM, Weninger W, Geyer S, Stout T, van Weeren R, Brama P. The embryogenesis of the equine femorotibial joint: The equine interzone. Equine Vet J 2014; 47:620-2. [PMID: 25041290 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Articular cartilage regeneration is the focus and goal of considerable research effort. Since articular chondrocytes descend from a distinct cohort of progenitor cells located in embryonic nascent joints (interzones), establishing the timing of equine interzone formation is an essential first step towards understanding equine joint and articular cartilage development. OBJECTIVES To establish the time frame during which the equine femorotibial interzone forms. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive anatomical study. METHODS Equine embryos were harvested at 37 (E37), 40, 42, 45, 50 and 65 days' gestation. The femorotibial interzone was examined using high-resolution episcopic microscopy of E37, E42, E45, E50 and E65. Additional histology and collagen-II-immunohistochemistry were performed on E42. RESULTS At E37, the femorotibial interzone is first visible as a uniform layer, while at E42 the interzone is fully formed and consists of 3 morphologically distinct layers. The first evidence of cavitation was seen at E45. At E50, the cruciate ligaments were well formed and by E65, joint formation appeared complete. CONCLUSIONS The embryogenesis of the equine femorotibial joint is similar to the developmental timeline of stage-matched human and murine embryos. Further studies looking at interzone formation on a cellular and molecular level may further our understanding of the intricate developmental patterns and pathways of articular cartilage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jenner
- Equine Hospital, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - G J V M van Osch
- Department of Orthopaedics, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W Weninger
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - S Geyer
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - T Stout
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - R van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - P Brama
- Section Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
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Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan M, van den Broek J, Welling E, van Weeren R, Munsters C. Predictive Value of Fitness Tests and Reasons for Withdrawal in Horses/Ponies Selected for the European Eventing Championship 2010-2011. Equine Vet J 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12267_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - J van den Broek
- Department of Farm Animal Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht Netherlands
| | - E Welling
- National Equestrian Federation; Ermelo Netherlands
| | - R van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht Netherlands
| | - C Munsters
- Department of Equine Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht Netherlands
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Munsters C, van den Broek J, van Weeren R, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan M. Young Friesian Horses Show Familial Aggregation in Fitness Response to a 7-Week Performance Test. Equine Vet J 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12267_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Munsters
- Department of Equine Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Utrecht Netherlands
| | | | - R van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Utrecht Netherlands
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Estrada RJ, van Weeren R, van de Lest CHA, Boere J, Reyes M, Ionita JC, Estrada M, Lischer CJ. Effects of Autologous Conditioned Plasma® (ACP) on the healing of surgically induced core lesions in equine superficial digital flexor tendon. PFERDEHEILKUNDE 2014. [DOI: 10.21836/pem20140602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Smith R, McIlwraith W, Schweitzer R, Kadler K, Cook J, Caterson B, Dakin S, Heinegård D, Screen H, Stover S, Crevier-Denoix N, Clegg P, Collins M, Little C, Frisbie D, Kjaer M, van Weeren R, Werpy N, Denoix JM, Carr A, Goldberg A, Bramlage L, Smith M, Nixon A. Advances in the understanding of tendinopathies: A report on the Second Havemeyer Workshop on equine tendon disease. Equine Vet J 2013; 46:4-9. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Smith
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Services; The Royal Veterinary College; UK
| | - W. McIlwraith
- Clinical Sciences; Orthopaedic Research Center; Colorado State University; USA
| | - R. Schweitzer
- SOM-Cell and Developmental Biology Department; Oregon Health and Science University; USA
| | - K. Kadler
- Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; UK
| | - J. Cook
- Department of Physiotherapy; School of Primary Health Care; Monash University; Victoria Australia
| | | | - S. Dakin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Services; The Royal Veterinary College; UK
| | | | - H. Screen
- The School of Engineering and Materials Science; Queen Mary, University of London; UK
| | | | - N. Crevier-Denoix
- Ecole Vétérinaire d'Alfort; UMR INRA-ENVA BPLC (Biomécanique du Cheval); France
| | | | - M. Collins
- Department of Human Biology; UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM); South Africa
| | - C. Little
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories; Kolling Institute of Medical Research; E25 - Royal North Shore Hospital; University of Sydney; New South Wales Australia
| | - D. Frisbie
- Clinical Sciences; Colorado State University; USA
| | - M. Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Section of Orthopaedics and Internal Medicine; Bispejerg Hospital; Denmark
| | - R. van Weeren
- Equine Sciences; Utrecht University; the Netherlands
| | - N. Werpy
- Veterinary Medicine and Surgery; University of Florida; USA
| | | | - A. Carr
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics; Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences; Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre; University of Oxford; UK
| | | | - L. Bramlage
- Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital; Kentucky USA
| | | | - A. Nixon
- Clinical Sciences; Cornell University; New York USA
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de Bruijn M, van Loon G, Ploeg M, Gröne A, De Clercq D, Decloedt A, van Weeren R, Back W, Delesalle C. Use of Transoesophageal Ultrasound to Visualise the Aortopulmonary Region in two Normal Friesian Horses and Three Friesians with Aortic Rupture or Aortopulmonary Fistulation. Equine Vet J 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12145_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - G. van Loon
- Ghent University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Belgium
| | - M. Ploeg
- Utrecht University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine Sciences; The Netherlands
| | - A. Gröne
- Utrecht University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine Sciences; The Netherlands
| | - D. De Clercq
- Ghent University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Belgium
| | - A. Decloedt
- Ghent University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Belgium
| | - R. van Weeren
- Utrecht University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine Sciences; The Netherlands
| | - W. Back
- Utrecht University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine Sciences; The Netherlands
| | - C. Delesalle
- Utrecht University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine Sciences; The Netherlands
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Lönnell AC, Bröjer J, Nostell K, Hernlund E, Roepstorff L, Tranquille CA, Murray RC, Oomen A, van Weeren R, Bitschnau C, Montavon S, Weishaupt MA, Egenvall A. Variation in training regimens in professional showjumping yards. Equine Vet J 2013; 46:233-8. [PMID: 23802646 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Training regimens of showjumping horses under field conditions are largely undocumented. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to quantify and compare training regimens used in professional-level showjumping yards, with respect to time exercised and type of activity. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS A prospective 6-month cohort study of showjumping horses in 4 European countries (The Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, Great Britain) was designed to analyse training and health data, in yards with several horses in training and riders competing at professional level. Riders documented the daily frequency and duration of all physical activities of the horses. Variation in training routines were compared between riders, location and time. Mixed-models analysis was used to examine factors associated with total time exercised and time spent in flatwork. RESULTS In 4 countries, the 31 participating riders trained 263 European Warmbloods. The total days at risk (e.g. days in which the horses were considered fit for exercise) was 39,262. Mean time spent in daily exercise, including ridden work, lungeing and treadmill exercise, varied between riders from 19-52 min/day at risk. There was considerable variation in activities and level of heavy work and light exercise, i.e. turnout. Total time exercised and time spent in flatwork differed with month, country and proportion of days lost to training. Low variation of activities was associated with decreased total time trained and increased time spent in flatwork. CONCLUSIONS Riders at this elite professional level of showjumping used training regimens that vary substantially in time spent training and other physical activities and showjumping horses are challenged differently during training despite competing at the same level. Whether all training regimens prepare the horses equally for the demands of competition remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Lönnell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Kulmala K, Pulkkinen H, Rieppo L, Tiitu V, Kiviranta I, Brünott A, Brommer H, van Weeren R, Brama P, Mikkola M, Korhonen R, Jurvelin J, Töyräs J. Contrast-Enhanced Micro-Computed Tomography in Evaluation of Spontaneous Repair of Equine Cartilage. Cartilage 2012; 3:235-44. [PMID: 26069636 PMCID: PMC4297117 DOI: 10.1177/1947603511424173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) has been introduced for the evaluation of cartilage integrity. Furthermore, CECT enables imaging of the structure and density of subchondral bone. In this laboratory study, we investigate the potential of microCECT to simultaneously image cartilage and subchondral bone for the evaluation of tissue healing. DESIGN Osteochondral lesions (Ø = 6 mm) were surgically created in equine intercarpal joints (n = 7). After spontaneous healing for 12 months, the horses were sacrificed and osteochondral plugs (Ø = 14 mm), including the repair cartilage and adjacent intact tissue, were harvested. The nonfibrillar and fibrillar moduli and the permeability of cartilage were determined using indentation testing. Contrast agent diffusion into the samples was imaged for 36 hours using high-resolution CT. Results from CECT, mechanical testing, and microscopic analyses were compared and correlated. RESULTS The contrast agent diffusion coefficient showed a significant (P < 0.05) difference between the repair and adjacent intact tissue. MicroCECT revealed altered (P < 0.05) bone volume fraction, mineral density, and microstructure of subchondral bone at the repair site. The contrast agent diffusion coefficient correlated with the moduli of the nonfibrillar matrix (R = -0.662, P = 0.010), collagen fibril parallelism index (R = -0.588, P = 0.035), and glycosaminoglycan content (R = -0.503, P = 0.067). The repair cartilage was mechanically and structurally different from adjacent intact tissue (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS MicroCECT enabled simultaneous quantitative evaluation of subchondral bone and monitoring of cartilage repair, distinguishing quantitatively the repair site from the adjacent intact tissue. As the only technique able to simultaneously image cartilage and determine subchondral bone mineral density and microstructure, CECT has potential clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.A.M. Kulmala
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - H.J. Pulkkinen
- Department of Biomedicine, Anatomy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - L. Rieppo
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - V. Tiitu
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Anatomy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,SIB-labs, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - I. Kiviranta
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland,University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A. Brünott
- Department of Equine Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - H. Brommer
- Department of Equine Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - R. van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - P.A.J. Brama
- Section of Veterinary Clinical Studies, School of Agriculture, Food Science & Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M.T. Mikkola
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - R.K. Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - J.S. Jurvelin
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - J. Töyräs
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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de Grauw JC, Heinola T, van Weeren R, Kiviranta I, Konttinen YT. Rapid release of high mobility group box protein-1 (HMGB-1) in transient arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2010; 28:292-293. [PMID: 20483058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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de Grauw JC, van de Lest CHA, van Weeren R, Brommer H, Brama PAJ. Arthrogenic lameness of the fetlock: synovial fluid markers of inflammation and cartilage turnover in relation to clinical joint pain. Equine Vet J 2010; 38:305-11. [PMID: 16866196 DOI: 10.2746/042516406777749236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING THE STUDY Joint pain is one of the most common causes of lameness in the horse but its pathogenesis is poorly understood. OBJECTIVES To investigate which synovial fluid markers may be related to the presence of clinically detectable joint pain in the horse. METHODS Concentrations of structural (CPII, C2C, GAG) and inflammatory markers (PGE2, LTB4, CysLTs, bradykinin and substance P) were measured in fetlock joint fluid from 22 horses in which lameness was localised to the fetlock region by perineural anaesthesia. Levels of these markers were then compared in horses that responded (n = 15) to those that did not (n = 7) to subsequent intra-articular anaesthesia (IAA). RESULTS Of all markers analysed, only substance P levels were significantly higher (P = 0.0358) in synovial fluid of horses that showed a positive response to IAA compared to those with a negative response to IAA. Notably, while PGE2 levels were found to be elevated in all 22 lame horses compared to sound controls (P = 0.0025), they were not related to the response to IAA. CONCLUSIONS While levels of PGE2 are elevated in synovial fluid of lame horses that respond to perineural anaesthesia, only substance P is related to joint pain as detected by the response to intra-articular anaesthesia. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Substance P is associated with clinically detectable joint pain in the horse. Elevated levels of PGE2 in fetlock-lame horses, regardless of their response to IAA, indicate that either this mediator does not reflect intra-articular pain or that IAA might have limitations in differentiating between intra- and peri-articular sources of pain. Either way, a negative response to IAA may not exclude intra-articular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C de Grauw
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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Weishaupt MA, Byström A, von Peinen K, Wiestner T, Meyers H, Waldern N, Johnston C, van Weeren R, Roepstorff L. Kinetics and kinematics of the passage. Equine Vet J 2009; 41:263-7. [PMID: 19469233 DOI: 10.2746/042516409x397226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY The load acting on the limbs and the load distribution between fore- and hindlimbs while performing specific dressage exercises lack objective assessment. HYPOTHESIS The greater a horse's level of collection, the more load is shifted to the rear and that during the passage the vertical load on the limbs increases in relation to the accentuated vertical movement of the centre of mass. METHODS Back and limb kinematics, vertical ground reaction force and time parameters of each limb were measured in 6 Grand Prix dressage horses performing on an instrumented treadmill at the trot and the passage. Horses were ridden by their own professional rider. RESULTS At the passage, horses moved at a slower speed (-43.2%), with a lower stride frequency (-23.6%) and, therefore, higher stride impulses (+31.0%). Relative stance duration of fore- and hindlimbs and suspension duration remained unchanged. While at the trot the diagonal limbs impacted almost simultaneously, the hindlimbs always impacted first at the passage; the time dissociation between landing and lift-off remained unchanged. Because of the prolonged stride duration, stride impulse and consequently limb impulses were higher at the passage in the fore- as well as in the hindlimbs (+24.8% and +39.9%, respectively). Within the diagonal limb pair, load was shifted from the forehand to the hindquarters (percentage stride impulse carried by the forehand -4.8%). Despite the higher impulses, peak vertical forces in the fore- and hindlimbs remained unchanged because of the prolonged absolute stance durations in fore- and hindlimbs (+28.1% and +32.2%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Based on the intralimb timing, the passage closely resembles the trot. Compared to other head-neck positions, the higher degree of collection resulted in a pronounced shift in impulse towards the hindquarters. Despite the higher limb impulses, peak forces acting on the limbs were similar to those observed at the trot. POTENTIAL CLINICAL RELEVANCE An understanding of load distribution between fore- and hindlimbs in relation to different riding techniques is crucial to prevent wear-and-tear on the locomotor apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Weishaupt
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Weishaupt MA, Wiestner T, von Peinen K, Waldern N, Roepstorff L, van Weeren R, Meyer H, Johnston C. Effect of head and neck position on vertical ground reaction forces and interlimb coordination in the dressage horse ridden at walk and trot on a treadmill. Equine Vet J 2007:387-92. [PMID: 17402453 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05574.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Little is known in quantitative terms about the influence of different head-neck positions (HNPs) on the loading pattern of the locomotor apparatus. Therefore it is difficult to predict whether a specific riding technique is beneficial for the horse or if it may increase the risk for injury. OBJECTIVE To improve the understanding of forelimb-hindlimb balance and its underlying temporal changes in relation to different head and neck positions. METHODS Vertical ground reaction force and time parameters of each limb were measured in 7 high level dressage horses while being ridden at walk and trot on an instrumented treadmill in 6 predetermined HNPs: HNP1 - free, unrestrained with loose reins; HNP2 - neck raised, bridge of the nose in front of the vertical; HNP3 - neck raised, bridge of the nose behind the vertical; HNP4 - neck lowered and flexed, bridge of the nose considerably behind the vertical; HNP5 - neck extremely elevated and bridge of the nose considerably in front of the vertical; HNP6 - neck and head extended forward and downward. Positions were judged by a qualified dressage judge. HNPs were assessed by comparing the data to a velocity-matched reference HNP (HNP2). Differences were tested using paired t test or Wilcoxon signed rank test (P<0.05). RESULTS At the walk, stride duration and overreach distance increased in HNP1, but decreased in HNP3 and HNP5. Stride impulse was shifted to the forehand in HNP1 and HNP6, but shifted to the hindquarters in HNP5. At the trot, stride duration increased in HNP4 and HNP5. Overreach distance was shorter in HNP4. Stride impulse shifted to the hindquarters in HNP5. In HNP1 peak forces decreased in the forelimbs; in HNP5 peak forces increased in fore- and hindlimbs. CONCLUSIONS HNP5 had the biggest impact on limb timing and load distribution and behaved inversely to HNP1 and HNP6. Shortening of forelimb stance duration in HNP5 increased peak forces although the percentage of stride impulse carried by the forelimbs decreased. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE An extremely high HNP affects functionality much more than an extremely low neck.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Weishaupt
- Equine Hospital, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Bobbert M, Gómez Álvarez C, van Weeren R, Roepstorff L, Weishaupt M. A new method to calculate peak vertical ground reaction forces on individual limbs from kinematics of trotting horses. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Faber M, Johnston C, Schamhardt H, van Weeren R, Roepstorff L, Barneveld A. Basic three-dimensional kinematics of the vertebral column of horses trotting on a treadmill. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62:757-64. [PMID: 11341399 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine movements of the vertebral column of horses during normal locomotion. ANIMALS 5 young Dutch Warmblood horses that did not have signs of back problems or lameness. PROCEDURE Kinematics of 8 vertebrae (T6, T10, T13, T17, L1, L3, L5, and S3) and both tuber coxae were determined, using bone-fixated markers. Measurements were recorded when the horses were trotting on a treadmill at a constant speed of 4.0 m/s. RESULTS Flexion-extension and axial rotation were characterized by a double sinusoidal pattern of motion during 1 stride cycle, whereas lateral bending was characterized by 1 peak and 1 trough. Ranges of motion for all vertebrae were: flexion-extension, 2.8 degrees to 4.9 degrees; lateral bending, 1.9 degrees to 3.6 degrees; axial rotation, 4.6 to 5.8 degrees, except for T10 and T13, where the amount of axial rotation decreased to 3.1 degrees and 3.3 degrees, respectively. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE During locomotion, 3 types of rotations are evident in the thoracolumbar vertebrae. Regional differences are observed in the shape and timing of the rotations. These differences are related to actions of the limbs. The method described here for direct measurement of vertebral column motion provides insights into the complex movements of the thoracolumbar portion of the vertebral column in trotting horses. Information on normal kinematics is a prerequisite for a better understanding of abnormal function of the vertebral column in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Faber
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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Farber M, Schamhardt H, van Weeren R, Barneveld A. Methodology and validity of assessing kinematics of the thoracolumbar vertebral column in horses on the basis of skin-fixated markers. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62:301-6. [PMID: 11277191 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the validity of using skin-fixated markers to assess kinematics of the thoracolumbar vertebral column in horses. ANIMALS 5 Dutch Warmblood horses without abnormalities of the vertebral column. PROCEDURE Kinematics of T6, T10, T13, T17, L1, L3, L5, S3, and both tuber coxae were determined by use of bone-fixated and skin-fixated markers. Three-dimensional coordinate data were collected while horses were walking and trotting on a treadmill. Angular motion patterns were calculated and compared on the basis of 2-dimensional analysis of data from skin-fixated markers and 3-dimensional analysis of data from bone-fixated markers. RESULTS Flexion-extension of thoracolumbar vertebrae and axial rotation of the sacrum were satisfactorily determined at both the walk and trot, using skin-fixated markers. Data from skin-fixated markers were accurate for determining lateral bending at the walk in the midthoracic and lower lumbar portion of the vertebral column only. However, at the trot, data from skin-fixated markers were valid for determining lateral bending for all thoracolumbar vertebrae. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Caution should be taken when interpreting data obtained by use of skin-fixated markers on lateral bending motions during the walk in horses. For determination of other rotations at the walk and all rotations at the trot, use of skin-fixated markers allows valid calculations of kinematics of the vertebral column. Understanding to what extent movements of skin-fixated markers reflect true vertebral motion is a compulsory step in developing noninvasive methods for diagnosing abnormalities of the vertebral column and related musculature in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Farber
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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Faber M, Schamhardt H, van Weeren R, Johnston C, Roepstorff L, Barneveld A. Basic three-dimensional kinematics of the vertebral column of horses walking on a treadmill. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61:399-406. [PMID: 10772104 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine kinematic movements of the vertebral column of horses during normal locomotion. ANIMALS 5 Dutch Warmblood horses without apparent lameness or problems associated with the vertebral column. PROCEDURE Kinematics of 8 vertebrae (T6, T10, T13, T17, L1, L3, L5, and S3) and both tuber coxae were determined, using bone-fixated markers. Horses were recorded while walking on a treadmill at a constant speed of 1.6 m/s. RESULTS Flexion-extension was characterized by 2 periods of extension and flexion during 1 stride cycle, whereas lateral bending and axial rotation were characterized by 1 peak and 1 trough. The range of motion for flexion-extension was fairly constant for vertebrae caudal to T10 (approximately 7 degrees). For lateral bending, the cranial thoracic vertebrae and segments in the pelvic region had the maximal amount of motion, with values of up to 5.6 degrees. For vertebrae between T17 and L5, the amount of lateral bending decreased to <4 degrees The amount of axial rotation increased gradually from 4 degrees for T6 to 13 degrees for the tuber coxae. CONCLUSIONS This direct measurement method provides 3-dimensional kinematic data for flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation of the thoracolumbar portion of the vertebral column of horses walking on a treadmill. Regional differences were observed in the magnitude and pattern of the rotations. Understanding of the normal kinematics of the vertebral column in healthy horses is a prerequisite for a better understanding of abnormal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Faber
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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Keverling Buisman A, van Weeren R. [Management and business administration in Mozambique]. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 1984; 109:470-5. [PMID: 6740644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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