1
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Leicher R, Osunsade A, Chua GNL, Faulkner SC, Latham AP, Watters JW, Nguyen T, Beckwitt EC, Christodoulou-Rubalcava S, Young PG, Zhang B, David Y, Liu S. Single-stranded nucleic acid binding and coacervation by linker histone H1. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:463-471. [PMID: 35484234 PMCID: PMC9117509 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00760-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The H1 linker histone family is the most abundant group of eukaryotic chromatin-binding proteins. However, their contribution to chromosome structure and function remains incompletely understood. Here we use single-molecule fluorescence and force microscopy to directly visualize the behavior of H1 on various nucleic acid and nucleosome substrates. We observe that H1 coalesces around single-stranded DNA generated from tension-induced DNA duplex melting. Using a droplet fusion assay controlled by optical tweezers, we find that single-stranded nucleic acids mediate the formation of gel-like H1 droplets, whereas H1-double-stranded DNA and H1-nucleosome droplets are more liquid-like. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that multivalent and transient engagement of H1 with unpaired DNA strands drives their enhanced phase separation. Using eGFP-tagged H1, we demonstrate that inducing single-stranded DNA accumulation in cells causes an increase in H1 puncta that are able to fuse. We further show that H1 and Replication Protein A occupy separate nuclear regions, but that H1 colocalizes with the replication factor Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen, particularly after DNA damage. Overall, our results provide a refined perspective on the diverse roles of H1 in genome organization and maintenance, and indicate its involvement at stalled replication forks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Leicher
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biophysics and Biochemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adewola Osunsade
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY, USA
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA
| | - Gabriella N L Chua
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biophysics and Biochemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah C Faulkner
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew P Latham
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John W Watters
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biophysics and Biochemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tuan Nguyen
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biophysics and Biochemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily C Beckwitt
- Laboratory of DNA Replication, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Paul G Young
- Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yael David
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY, USA.
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA.
- Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Shixin Liu
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biophysics and Biochemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY, USA.
- Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Lin X, Liu S, Ding X, Leicher R, Liu S, Zhang B. Near-atomistic modeling reconciles difference between irregular and regular chromatin. Biophys J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.11.1927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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3
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Leicher R, Osunsade A, Chua GN, Faulkner SC, Latham AP, Watters JW, Nguyen TA, Beckwitt EC, Christodoulou-Rubalcava S, Young PG, Zhang B, David Y, Liu S. Single-stranded nucleic acid sensing and coacervation by linker histone H1. Biophys J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.11.974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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4
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Leicher R, Liu S. Probing the Interaction Between Chromatin and Chromatin-Associated Complexes with Optical Tweezers. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2478:313-327. [PMID: 36063325 PMCID: PMC10751574 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2229-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule force spectroscopy is a powerful tool to analyze the architecture and interaction of large macromolecular assemblies that are refractory to high-resolution structural interrogations. Here, we describe an optical tweezers-based platform for extracting the mechanical fingerprints of individual nucleosome arrays bound with chromatin-associated complexes, such as the Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2). This platform comprehensively characterizes the diverse binding modes of PRC2 on chromatin, measures their mechanical strengths, and is broadly applicable to the studies of other epigenetic machineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Leicher
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biophysics and Biochemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shixin Liu
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biophysics and Biochemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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5
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Lin X, Leicher R, Liu S, Zhang B. Cooperative DNA looping by PRC2 complexes. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:6238-6248. [PMID: 34057467 PMCID: PMC8216278 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is an essential protein complex that silences gene expression via post-translational modifications of chromatin. This paper combined homology modeling, atomistic and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, and single-molecule force spectroscopy experiments to characterize both its full-length structure and PRC2-DNA interactions. Using free energy calculations with a newly parameterized protein-DNA force field, we studied a total of three potential PRC2 conformations and their impact on DNA binding and bending. Consistent with cryo-EM studies, we found that EZH2, a core subunit of PRC2, provides the primary interface for DNA binding, and its curved surface can induce DNA bending. Our simulations also predicted the C2 domain of the SUZ12 subunit to contact DNA. Multiple PRC2 complexes bind with DNA cooperatively via allosteric communication through the DNA, leading to a hairpin-like looped configuration. Single-molecule experiments support PRC2-mediated DNA looping and the role of AEBP2 in regulating such loop formation. The impact of AEBP2 can be partly understood from its association with the C2 domain, blocking C2 from DNA binding. Our study suggests that accessory proteins may regulate the genomic location of PRC2 by interfering with its DNA interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingcheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rachel Leicher
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biophysics and Biochemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shixin Liu
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biophysics and Biochemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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6
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Leicher R, Ge EJ, Lin X, Reynolds MJ, Xie W, Walz T, Zhang B, Muir TW, Liu S. Single-molecule and in silico dissection of the interaction between Polycomb repressive complex 2 and chromatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:30465-30475. [PMID: 33208532 PMCID: PMC7720148 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003395117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) installs and spreads repressive histone methylation marks on eukaryotic chromosomes. Because of the key roles that PRC2 plays in development and disease, how this epigenetic machinery interacts with DNA and nucleosomes is of major interest. Nonetheless, the mechanism by which PRC2 engages with native-like chromatin remains incompletely understood. In this work, we employ single-molecule force spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations to dissect the behavior of PRC2 on polynucleosome arrays. Our results reveal an unexpectedly diverse repertoire of PRC2 binding configurations on chromatin. Besides reproducing known binding modes in which PRC2 interacts with bare DNA, mononucleosomes, and adjacent nucleosome pairs, our data also provide direct evidence that PRC2 can bridge pairs of distal nucleosomes. In particular, the "1-3" bridging mode, in which PRC2 engages two nucleosomes separated by one spacer nucleosome, is a preferred low-energy configuration. Moreover, we show that the distribution and stability of different PRC2-chromatin interaction modes are modulated by accessory subunits, oncogenic histone mutations, and the methylation state of chromatin. Overall, these findings have implications for the mechanism by which PRC2 spreads histone modifications and compacts chromatin. The experimental and computational platforms developed here provide a framework for understanding the molecular basis of epigenetic maintenance mediated by Polycomb-group proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Leicher
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biophysics and Biochemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY 10065
| | - Eva J Ge
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Xingcheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Matthew J Reynolds
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Wenjun Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Thomas Walz
- Laboratory of Molecular Electron Microscopy, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;
| | - Tom W Muir
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Shixin Liu
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biophysics and Biochemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065;
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7
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Mei L, Espinosa de Los Reyes S, Reynolds MJ, Leicher R, Liu S, Alushin GM. Molecular mechanism for direct actin force-sensing by α-catenin. eLife 2020; 9:62514. [PMID: 32969337 PMCID: PMC7588232 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton mediates mechanical coupling between cells and their tissue microenvironments. The architecture and composition of actin networks are modulated by force; however, it is unclear how interactions between actin filaments (F-actin) and associated proteins are mechanically regulated. Here we employ both optical trapping and biochemical reconstitution with myosin motor proteins to show single piconewton forces applied solely to F-actin enhance binding by the human version of the essential cell-cell adhesion protein αE-catenin but not its homolog vinculin. Cryo-electron microscopy structures of both proteins bound to F-actin reveal unique rearrangements that facilitate their flexible C-termini refolding to engage distinct interfaces. Truncating α-catenin’s C-terminus eliminates force-activated F-actin binding, and addition of this motif to vinculin confers force-activated binding, demonstrating that α-catenin’s C-terminus is a modular detector of F-actin tension. Our studies establish that piconewton force on F-actin can enhance partner binding, which we propose mechanically regulates cellular adhesion through α-catenin. All of the cells in our bodies rely on cues from their surrounding environment to alter their behavior. As well sending each other chemical signals, such as hormones, cells can also detect pressure and physical forces applied by the cells around them. These physical interactions are coordinated by a network of proteins called the cytoskeleton, which provide the internal scaffold that maintains a cell’s shape. However, it is not well understood how forces transmitted through the cytoskeleton are converted into mechanical signals that control cell behavior. The cytoskeleton is primarily made up protein filaments called actin, which are frequently under tension from external and internal forces that push and pull on the cell. Many proteins bind directly to actin, including adhesion proteins that allow the cell to ‘stick’ to its surroundings. One possibility is that when actin filaments feel tension, they convert this into a mechanical signal by altering how they bind to other proteins. To test this theory, Mei et al. isolated and studied an adhesion protein called α-catenin which is known to interact with actin. This revealed that when tiny forces – similar to the amount cells experience in the body – were applied to actin filaments, this caused α-catenin and actin to bind together more strongly. However, applying the same level of physical force did not alter how well actin bound to a similar adhesion protein called vinculin. Further experiments showed that this was due to differences in a small, flexible region found on both proteins. Manipulating this region revealed that it helps α-catenin attach to actin when a force is present, and was thus named a ‘force detector’. Proteins that bind to actin are essential in all animals, making it likely that force detectors are a common mechanism. Scientists can now use this discovery to identify and manipulate force detectors in other proteins across different cells and animals. This may help to develop drugs that target the mechanical signaling process, although this will require further understanding of how force detectors work at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Mei
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States.,Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | | | - Matthew J Reynolds
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Rachel Leicher
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States.,Laboratory of Nanoscale Biophysics and Biochemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Shixin Liu
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biophysics and Biochemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Gregory M Alushin
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
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8
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Lin X, Leicher R, Ge E, Reynolds MJ, Walz T, Muir T, Liu S, Zhang B. Coarse-Grained Modeling of PRC2-Mediated Inter-Nucleosomal Interactions. Biophys J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.11.588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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9
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Leicher R, Ge E, Lin X, Reynolds MJ, Walz T, Zhang B, Muir T, Liu S. Single-Molecule Investigation of PRC2 Non-Adjacent Nucleosome Bridging. Biophys J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.11.2170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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10
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Zheng Q, Omans ND, Leicher R, Osunsade A, Agustinus AS, Finkin-Groner E, D'Ambrosio H, Liu B, Chandarlapaty S, Liu S, David Y. Reversible histone glycation is associated with disease-related changes in chromatin architecture. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1289. [PMID: 30894531 PMCID: PMC6426841 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09192-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular proteins continuously undergo non-enzymatic covalent modifications (NECMs) that accumulate under normal physiological conditions and are stimulated by changes in the cellular microenvironment. Glycation, the hallmark of diabetes, is a prevalent NECM associated with an array of pathologies. Histone proteins are particularly susceptible to NECMs due to their long half-lives and nucleophilic disordered tails that undergo extensive regulatory modifications; however, histone NECMs remain poorly understood. Here we perform a detailed analysis of histone glycation in vitro and in vivo and find it has global ramifications on histone enzymatic PTMs, the assembly and stability of nucleosomes, and chromatin architecture. Importantly, we identify a physiologic regulation mechanism, the enzyme DJ-1, which functions as a potent histone deglycase. Finally, we detect intense histone glycation and DJ-1 overexpression in breast cancer tumors. Collectively, our results suggest an additional mechanism for cellular metabolic damage through epigenetic perturbation, with implications in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfei Zheng
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Nathaniel D Omans
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Rachel Leicher
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biophysics and Biochemistry, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Tri-institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Adewola Osunsade
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Tri-institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Albert S Agustinus
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Efrat Finkin-Groner
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Hannah D'Ambrosio
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Bo Liu
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarat Chandarlapaty
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shixin Liu
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biophysics and Biochemistry, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yael David
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Tri-institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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11
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Williams RM, Lee C, Galassi TV, Harvey JD, Leicher R, Sirenko M, Dorso MA, Shah J, Olvera N, Dao F, Levine DA, Heller DA. Noninvasive ovarian cancer biomarker detection via an optical nanosensor implant. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaaq1090. [PMID: 29675469 PMCID: PMC5906074 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaq1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Patients with high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSC) exhibit poor 5-year survival rates, which may be significantly improved by early-stage detection. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved biomarkers for HGSC-CA-125 (cancer antigen 125) and HE4 (human epididymis protein 4)-do not generally appear at detectable levels in the serum until advanced stages of the disease. An implantable device placed proximal to disease sites, such as in or near the fallopian tube, ovary, uterine cavity, or peritoneal cavity, may constitute a feasible strategy to improve detection of HGSC. We engineered a prototype optical sensor composed of an antibody-functionalized carbon nanotube complex, which responds quantitatively to HE4 via modulation of the nanotube optical bandgap. The complexes measured HE4 with nanomolar sensitivity to differentiate disease from benign patient biofluids. The sensors were implanted into four models of ovarian cancer, within a semipermeable membrane, enabling the optical detection of HE4 within the live animals. We present the first in vivo optical nanosensor capable of noninvasive cancer biomarker detection in orthotopic models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher Lee
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas V. Galassi
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jackson D. Harvey
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rachel Leicher
- Tri-Institutional Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY 10065, USA
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Maria Sirenko
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Madeline A. Dorso
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Janki Shah
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Narciso Olvera
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Fanny Dao
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Douglas A. Levine
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Daniel A. Heller
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Corresponding author.
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12
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Leicher R, Schilit S, Holmes S. The Role of Histone H1 in S.
cerevisiae. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.709.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Leicher
- Molecular Biology and BiochemistryWesleyan UniversityMiddletownCTUnited States
| | - Samantha Schilit
- Molecular Biology and BiochemistryWesleyan UniversityMiddletownCTUnited States
| | - Scott Holmes
- Molecular Biology and BiochemistryWesleyan UniversityMiddletownCTUnited States
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