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Rajendran S, Jog MA, Manglik RM. Predicting the Splash of a Drop Impacting a Thin Liquid Film. Langmuir 2023; 39:14764-14773. [PMID: 37756554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
An experimental study is carried out to investigate droplet-film interactions when a drop impinges on a thin stagnant film of the same liquid. The impacting drop causes either liquid deposition or splash, consisting of prompt generation of secondary drops or a delayed process. By varying the drop diameter and impact velocity, measurements are made to characterize the phenomena using five different liquids that are chosen to cover a wide range of liquid properties (viscosity and surface tension). The drop impact dynamics are captured with a high-speed digital camera with real-time, high-resolution image processing. The drop-splash threshold is found to scale with inertial and viscous forces, or Reynolds number (Re), as well as capillary forces, as described by the balance of gravitational and interfacial tension forces, or Bond number (Bo); fluid properties are described by their Morton number (Mo). A correlation, functionally expressed as Re = ϕ(Bo,Mo), is devised to determine the splash/no-splash (or deposition) boundary, and the predictions for the splash/no-splash outcomes agree well with the experimental outcomes as well as those readily available in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajendran
- Thermal-Fluids and Thermal Processing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Cincinnati, 2901 Woodside Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0072, United States
| | - M A Jog
- Thermal-Fluids and Thermal Processing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Cincinnati, 2901 Woodside Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0072, United States
| | - R M Manglik
- Thermal-Fluids and Thermal Processing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Cincinnati, 2901 Woodside Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0072, United States
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Kannan S, Kumar N, Jog MA, Manglik RM. Phase-Transition Efficacy and Material Compatibility with Thermal Cycling of Lithium Nitrate Trihydrate as a Phase-Change Material. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarath Kannan
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Cincinnati, ML0072, Cincinnati, Ohio45221, United States
| | - Navin Kumar
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Texas A&M University, 3123 TAMU, College Station, Texas77843, United States
| | - Milind A. Jog
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Cincinnati, ML0072, Cincinnati, Ohio45221, United States
| | - Raj M. Manglik
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Cincinnati, ML0072, Cincinnati, Ohio45221, United States
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Mercado-Shekhar KP, Su H, Kalaikadal DS, Lorenz JN, Manglik RM, Holland CK, Redington AN, Haworth KJ. Acoustic droplet vaporization-mediated dissolved oxygen scavenging in blood-mimicking fluids, plasma, and blood. Ultrason Sonochem 2019; 56:114-124. [PMID: 31101245 PMCID: PMC6659737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) has been shown to reduce the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in a fluid. The goals of this study were three-fold: 1) to determine the ADV pressure amplitude threshold in fluids that had physiologically relevant values for surface tension, protein concentration, and viscosity; 2) to assess whether these parameters and fluid mixing affect ADV-mediated PO2 reduction; and 3) to assess the feasibility of ADV-mediated PO2 reduction in plasma and whole blood. In vitro ADV experiments were conducted using perfluoropentane droplets (number density: 5 × 106 ± 0.2 × 106/mL) dispersed in fluids (saline, polyvinylpyrrolidone solutions, porcine plasma, or porcine whole blood) that had a physiological range of surface tensions (62-68 mN/m), protein concentrations (0 and 68.7 mg/mL), and viscosities (0.7-4 cP). Droplets were exposed to pulsed ultrasound (5 MHz, 4.25 MPa peak negative pressure) while passing through a 37 °C flow system with inline PO2 sensors. In select experiments, the fluid also passed through mixing channels after ultrasound exposure. Our results revealed that the ADV pressure thresholds were the same for all fluids. Surface tension and protein concentration had no effect on PO2 reduction. Increasing viscosity attenuated PO2 reduction. However, the attenuated effect was absent after fluid mixing. Furthermore, ADV-mediated PO2 reduction in whole blood (30.8 ± 3.2 mmHg) was less than that in a polyvinylpyrrolidone solution (40.2 ± 2.1 mmHg) with equal viscosity. These findings should be considered when planning clinical studies of ADV-mediated PO2 reduction and other biomedical applications of ADV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haili Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Deepak S Kalaikadal
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - John N Lorenz
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Raj M Manglik
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Christy K Holland
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Andrew N Redington
- Division of Cardiology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kevin J Haworth
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Cardiology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Abstract
The effect of surfactant molecular mass transport on the normal impact and spreading of a droplet of its aqueous solution on dry horizontal substrates is investigated experimentally for a range of Weber numbers (20-100). The postimpact dynamics of film spreading and its recoil behavior are captured using high-speed real-time digital imaging. Hydrophilic (glass) and hydrophobic (Teflon) substrates were used with water and aqueous solutions of three different surfactants of varying diffusion rates and ionic characteristics: SDS (anionic), CTAB (cationic), and Triton X-100 (nonionic). Their solutions facilitate larger spread and weaker surface oscillations compared to a pure water drop colliding at the same Weber number. On a hydrophobic surface, the drop rebound and column fracture are inhibited by the presence of the surface-active agent. Besides reagent bulk properties, dynamic surface tension, surface wettability, and droplet Weber number govern the transient impact-spreading-recoil phenomena. The role of dynamic surface tension is evident in comparisons of impact dynamics of droplets of different surfactant solutions with identical equilibrium surface tension and same Weber number. It was observed that higher diffusion and interfacial adsorption rate (low molecular weight) surfactants promote higher drop spreading factors and weaker oscillations compared to low diffusion/adsorption rate (high molecular weight) surfactants.
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